or (to put it another way) why is hair growth cyclical?

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Presentation transcript:

or (to put it another way) why is hair growth cyclical? Andrea Marliani Firenze Il controllo del ciclo del capello ovvero cosa determina il ciclo? The hair cycle or (to put it another way) why is hair growth cyclical? Italian Society of Trichology

Why is there a hair cycle? Ma a che serve il ciclo del capello ? Why is there a hair cycle?

Hair growth is cyclical so that hair, and body hair… Il ciclo del capello è necessario per impedire che... Hair growth is cyclical so that hair, and body hair…

crescano indefinitamente! ... i capelli ed i peli crescano indefinitamente! ... will not grow indefinitely!

So that a 50-year-old person’s hair will not be 6 or 7 metres long. Cioè per impedire che un individuo di 50 anni abbia i capelli lunghi 6 - 7 metri. So that a 50-year-old person’s hair will not be 6 or 7 metres long.

Hair cuts are not part of natural processes. In natura il taglio dei capelli non è previsto! Hair cuts are not part of natural processes.

The hair cycle Il ciclo del capello

How long the anagen phase lasts is determined by the amount La durata della fase anagen del capello è controllata dalla disponibilità di energia. How long the anagen phase lasts is determined by the amount of energy available.

Per mantenere l’anagen e le sintesi proteiche il follicolo ha bisogno di energia sotto forma di ATP. If the anagen phase and protein synthesis are to be maintained, the follicle needs ATP energy.

Questa energia This energy is released by the metabolism of glucose è fornita dal metabolismo del glucosio: con la glicolisi e con la via alternativa (shunt) degli esosomonofostati che poi continuano nel ciclo di Krebs. This energy is released by the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate shunt, followed by the Krebs cycle.

Nella glicolisi si ha produzione di ATP nella via (shunt) degli esosomonofostati si produce NADP. ATP is produced during glycolysis, while NADPH is produced in the pentose phosphate shunt.

The metabolism of glucose is activated (is turned both on and off) Il metabolismo del glucosio ha un interruttore: l’enzima adenilciclasi. The metabolism of glucose is activated (is turned both on and off) by the adenil cyclase enzyme.

When the adenil cyclase enzyme is withheld, glycolysis stops, Bloccando l’adenilciclasi si ferma la glicolisi, la via degli esosomonofosfati ed il ciclo di Kebs. When the adenil cyclase enzyme is withheld, glycolysis stops, as do the pentose phosphate shunt and the Krebs cycle.

The interruption of the glucose metabolism Fermare il metabolismo del glucosio è chiudere l’energia e spengere l’anagen. The interruption of the glucose metabolism turns off the supply of energy and ends the anagen phase.

The hair cycle is controlled by sex steroids. Il ciclo è controllato da ormoni steroidi sessuali. The hair cycle is controlled by sex steroids.

within the follicle itself. ma non da ormoni circolanti, piuttosto da ormoni prodotti in loco dal follicolo stesso ! Not by hormones circulating in the blood but by hormones that are produced within the follicle itself.

Metabolism of follicle hormones

Hormone precursors

Active hormones

the adenil cyclase enzyme… Il diidrotestosterone riduce l’attività della adenilciclasi. Dihydrotestosterone inhibits the adenil cyclase enzyme…

incrementa l’attività L’estrone incrementa l’attività della adenilciclasi. …while estrone increases it.

T --> DHT --> decremento adenilciclasi --> catagen decrease in adenil cyclase enzyme activity T --> DHT --> decremento adenilciclasi --> catagen D4 --> E1 ---> incremento adenilciclasi --> anagen increase in adenil cyclase enzyme activity Adachi K., Kano M.: "Adenil cyclase in human hair follicles: its inhibition by dihydrotestosterone" Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1970; 41: 884. Adachi K., Takayasu S., Takashima I., Kano M., Kondo S.: "Human hair follicles: metabolism and control mechanism" Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1970; 2: 911. Adachi K.: "The metabolism and control mechanism of human hair follicles" Current Problems in Dermatology 1873; 5: 37.

ideal hormone balance in the follicle situazione ideale di equilibrio ormonale del follicolo ideal hormone balance in the follicle

vie prevalenti durante l’anagen main processes in the anagen phase

A follicle in the anagen phase makes a physiological attempt Il follicolo in anagen “cerca” fisiologicamente di arrivare al catagen (e poi al telogen). A follicle in the anagen phase makes a physiological attempt to reach the catagen stage and then the telogen stage.

vie prevalenti durante l’anagen main processes in the anagen phase

5 alpha reduction is required. Perché il follicolo arrivi al catagen (e poi al telogen) è necessaria la 5 alfa riduzione. For the follicle to be able to move on to the catagen stage, 5 alpha reduction is required.

The 5 alpha reductase enzyme changes testosterone La 5 alfa riduzione consuma NADPH (prodotto nella via degli esosomonofosfati) cioè è NADPH dipendente. The 5 alpha reductase enzyme changes testosterone into dihydrotestosterone.

in the pentose phosphate shunt. It is, therefore, dependent on NADPH. Il NADPH per la 5 alfa riduttasi (cioè per trasformare il testosterone in diidrotestosterone) si produce nella via degli esosomonofosfati. 5 alpha reduction uses the NADPH produced in the pentose phosphate shunt. It is, therefore, dependent on NADPH.

at the end of the anagen phase, as is the pentose phosphate shunt... Dalla fine dell’anagen la glicolisi è bloccata... lo shunt esosomonofosfatico è bloccato... Glycolysis is stopped at the end of the anagen phase, as is the pentose phosphate shunt...

and NADPH is no longer produced. From the end of the anagen phase ... dalla fine dell’anagen il NADPH non è più prodotto, la 5 alfa reduttasi è bloccata e tutte le vie metaboliche sono deviate verso l’aromatizzazione. and NADPH is no longer produced. From the end of the anagen phase there is no 5 alpha reduction, and all metabolic activity is geared to aromatization.

vie prevalenti durante il catagen main processes in the catagen phase

There is an abundant production L’estrone abbondantemente prodotto dopo la fine dell’anagen attiva l’adenilciclasi, la glicolisi riparte ed il ciclo riparte. There is an abundant production of estrone at the close of the anagen phase, and this activates the adenil cyclase enzyme. Glycolysis begins again and the cycle is set once more in motion.

The hair cycle

longer in women than in men? Perché l’anagen della donna è più lungo di quello del maschio ? Why is the anagen phase longer in women than in men?

the easiest metabolic pathway is for testosterone to be turned Nel maschio la via metabolica più facile è quella che da testosterone porta a diidrotestosterone. The reason is that, in males, the easiest metabolic pathway is for testosterone to be turned into dihydrotestosterone.

to the production of estrone. Nella donna la via metabolica più facile porta ad estrone. In women, the easiest process is that leading to the production of estrone.

The result is that the anagen phase lasts 3 years in males and 6 years Così l’anagen del maschio dura 3 anni e quello della donna 6 anni. The result is that the anagen phase lasts 3 years in males and 6 years in females.

Men have short anagen phases and rapid hair cycles. Nel maschio l’anagen è breve ed il ciclo è veloce… nella donna l’anagen è lungo ed il ciclo è lento. Men have short anagen phases and rapid hair cycles. In women, anagen is long and the cycle is slow.

results in a quicker cycle. This does not mean Ma anagen più corto significa ciclo più veloce, non significa involuzione del follicolo né miniaturizzazione del capello ! A shorter anagen phase results in a quicker cycle. This does not mean there will be involution of the follicle, nor miniaturization of the hair.

A shorter anagen cycle is in no way synonymous of baldness. Anagen più corto non significa calvizie. A shorter anagen cycle is in no way synonymous of baldness.

Ma questa è un’altra storia But that is for another story…

Thank you for listening. Grazie per l’attenzione. Thank you for listening.

Take away: estrone activates hair anagen phase.