Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions

F. Giavazzi, G. Martini, R. Carbone Contributors P. Dilara, R. Hummel, G. De Santi DG-JRC, Environment Institute, Ispra, Italy F. Giavazzi, G. Martini, R. Carbone Agip Petroli CREA, Milan, Italy A. Krasenbrink DLR-IVF, Berlin, Germany

Objectives To assess: the effect of fuel quality and engine technology on particulate emissions and in particular on the total mass of the emitted particles , on their mass/size distribution and number/size distribution the influence of the measurement method and the location of sample extraction on the test results the relation between number of particles and mass of particulates the relation between the legislative emission test results and the constant speed test results

Test Matrix 2 Modern 1.9L Diesel Passenger Cars 2 Fuel Qualities Direct Injection Rotary Pump (SI) Common Rail (CR) Emission level: Euro II 2 Fuel Qualities Standard fuel, current quality (2000 specifications) (SF) “Clean” Fuel: Sulphur-free, low aromatics, low density (CF) Test conditions NEDC Constant Speed: Idle, 30, 50, 120 km/h

Instrumentation Standard Emission Racks Particulates NOx, CO, HC Filters Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) Low Pressure Impactors (LPI-11 and LPI-8) The LPI-11 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the diluted exhaust gas sampled from the conventional dilution tunnel The LPI-8 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the raw exhaust gas sampled directly from the tailpipe

Instrumentation - Sampling Points Particulate Filters To Vent CVS Unit Ambient Air SMPS LPI-11 LPI-8

NEDC Cycle- Regulated Emissions

NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km) Rotary Pump Vehicle

NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km) Common Rail Vehicle

NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect Common Rail Vehicle

NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect Rotary Pump Vehicle

NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Engine Technology Effect Standard Fuel “Clean” Fuel

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution Idle

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution 32 km/h

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution 50 km/h

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution 120 km/h

Total Particulate Mass Effect of test conditions and effect of fuel quality Rotary Pump Vehicle Common Rail Vehicle

Mass/Size Distribution Mass Median Diameter (MMD)

Constant Speed - Total Mass (Impactors) LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust)

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 32 km/h Common Rail Vehicle

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 120 km/h Common Rail Vehicle

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 32 km/h Rotary Pump Vehicle

Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 120 km/h Rotary Pump Vehicle

Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution 32 km/h

Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution 120 km/h

Constant Speed Tests Particle Number (SMPS) vs Mass (LPI-11)

CONCLUSIONS The effects of fuel quality and engine technology were more or less pronounced or not even detected; different conclusions can be drawn... …depending on the measuring method, sampling location and test condition Current vehicle exhaust emission standards are based on mass measurement of PM that has proved to be quite simple and reliable Much more work is needed before new measures such as particle number can be proposed as a reliable supplement to mass measurements