The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century 3/25/2017 Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Curt-Engelhorn Chair in American History Prof. Dr. Manfred Berg Winter Term 2008/2009 The Reluctant Empire? U.S. Foreign Relations in the 20th Century Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg 1 1 1 1 1 1

The End of the Cold War The Second Cold War and the New Arms Race Third World Interventions U.S. – Soviet Negotiations during the Gorbachev Era The Fall of Communism and the Reunification of Europe and Germany The Gulf War of 1991 Humanitarian Intervention Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Ronald W. Reagan, 1911-2004 One-time broadcaster, actor and head of the Screen Actors Guild Governor of California, 1967-1975 U.S. President, 1981-1989 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Strategic Defense Initiative Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

The German Peace Movement Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Jeanne Kirkpatrick, 1926-2006 Ronald Reagan’s Foreign Affairs Advisor in the 1980 presidential campaign U.N. Ambassador, 1981-1985 Famous for her "Kirkpatrick Doctrine," which advocates U.S. support of anticommunist governments, including authoritarian dictatorships Co-founded the public policy org. “Empower America,” 1993 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Reagan Doctrine, 1985 “Our mission is to nourish and defend freedom and democracy!” To this end the U.S. would support those “on every continent, from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to defy Soviet-supported aggression and to secure rights which have been ours from birth… Support for freedom fighters is self-defense.” Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Afghan Mujahadeen in the 1980s Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

The Contras in Nicaragua Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Mikhail Sergevich Gorbachev, b. 1931 General Sec. of the Communist Party, 1985-1991 Introduced the policy of openness or “Glasnost,” 1985 Advocated economic reforms known as “Perestroika,” 1987 In 1987 he called for democratization: the infusion of democratic elements such as multi-candidate elections into the Soviet political process Nobel Peace Prize winner, 1990 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

“Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” President Reagan delivers his famous speech at the Berlin Wall in West Berlin, June 12, 1987. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

INF Treaty 1987 Requires both superpowers to eliminate all land-based nuclear missiles with a range of 500 to 5,500 kilometers Ranks as the first true nuclear arms reduction agreement Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan, 1989 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Solidarnosc, 1980 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

East German Refugees, 1989 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

The Fall of the Berlin Wall Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

President George H. W. Bush, b. 1924 U.S. Representative, 1967-1971 Ambassador to the United Nations, 1971-1973 Republican National Committee Chairman, 1973-1974 Director of the CIA, 1976-1977 U.S. Vice President, 1981-1989 U.S. President, 1989-1993 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

U.S. Conditions for German Reunification United Germany must remain firmly integrated into the Western Alliance Unification must be achieved by peaceful and consensual means Germany must acknowledge the consolidated territories of East and West Germany as its final borders. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

U.S.-Soviet Summit 1990 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Saddam Hussein, 1937-2006 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

The New World Order, 1990 “A new world order can emerge…a new era – freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace…in which [all] nations of the world can prosper and live in harmony…a world where the rule of law supplants the law of the jungle.” President George H. W. Bush Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Operation Desert Storm, 1991 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

The Palestinian–Israeli Peace, 1993 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Somalia 1993: Black Hawk Down Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Rwandan Genocide of 1994 Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Balkan Leaders sign the Dayton Peace Treaty as NATO Leaders look on. Muslims Croats Serbs Balkan Leaders sign the Dayton Peace Treaty as NATO Leaders look on. Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

9-11-2001 (Above) The Pentagon in flames after the crash of American Airlines 77 (Left) American Airlines 11 and United Airlines 175 crash into the Towers at the World Trade Center Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg

Thank You for Your Attention! Historisches Seminar der Universität Heidelberg