Unit 5 World War I and the Russian Revolution

A Fragile Peace There had been peace in Europe for nearly 30 years However many forces were at work to destroy the peace OTTO von BISMARCK

Causes of World War I Nationalism Imperialism Militarism The Balkans Alliance System Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

Competition between Europe’s powers for resources and materials Nationalism Competition between Europe’s powers for resources and materials Territorial disputes Alsace-Lorraine (France/Germany) Balkans Other minor disputes around the world

Imperialism Overseas Imperialism created conflicts Africa, Asia and China Sense of rivalry and mistrust

Militarism Glorifying military power and keeping a strong military Kept citizens feeling safe and patriotic Ready in case of a war Increased economy of each nation Countries competed with each other

Serbia Bosnia Greece Others The Balkan Peninsula Serbia Bosnia Greece Others Ottoman Empire declining in power New countries wanting to expand Control trade of Mediterranean region Great nationalism of individual nations Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary all wanted to maintain power in the area

<The Balkans

The Balkan Wars

Alliance System and Germany Since the late 1880’s von Bismarck made fragile alliances with a number of countries All with the goal of keeping peace, yet always strengthening Germany Triple Alliance Triple Entente Germany Britain Austria-Hungary France Italy Russia

Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated June 28, 1914 on visit to Bosnia Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Black Hand) committed to ridding Serbia of Austrian rule Austria-Hungary would send troops to Serbia, and Germany supported them Russia supported Serbia and sent troops to Austria – bcz of ALLIANCE SYSTEM

A New Alliance System Central Powers Allies Germany Britain Austria-Hungary France Italy (to start) Russia Countries very quickly mobilized for war United States???

The Schlieffen Plan German troops would race west to fight France then come back and fight Russia (slower to mobilize) This brought Britain into the war First Battle of the Marne defeated the Germans and saved the Allies This two front war would quickly become a stalemate everywhere

A New Type of War Trench Warfare Poison Gas Machine Gun Tank Airplanes Submarines

WWI Tech

Stalemate Western Front stalemate Eastern Front Russia weakening, but its massive numbers helping War of Attrition Allies sending supplies to Russia War spreading to ROW

Gallipoli Allies wanted to attack Central Powers through Turkey Dardanelles – a narrow sea-straight that led to the Turkish capital, and eventually into Austria

Mel Gibson! Gallipoli famous in Australia A misguided attempt to end the war

A Changing War Stalemate continues through 1917 Russia withdraws and facing collapse and internal Revolution Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany March 1918 Over 5.5 million Russian dead/wounded Eastern European countries gain independence (Balkans)

United States Prez Wilson declared war April 2, 1917 WHY? Because of… Unrestricted German sub activity (Lusitania) Cultural ties Economic ties War atrocities Zimmerman Note – Mexico vs US? “Total War” Lusitania May 7, 1915

Other Things Happening… 1918 Influenza Epidemic Spanish Flu – world-wide At least 50 million people died

Other Things Happening… Balfour Declaration Asked for establishment of Palestinian state, separate from Israeli state International Zionism Britain would not allow Israel/Palestine have historic ties to same land and still fight over it today

Central Powers Slowly Defeated Final German push stopped at Second Battle of the Marne Germany surrendered and declared itself Weimar Republic Armistice signed November 11, 1918 in a railroad car near Paris Remember this car!

Wilson’s 14 Points – Peace Plan Wanted Self-determination Britain and France wanted harsh punishment for Germany Compromised with the Treaty of Versailles – June 28, 1919 Very hard on Germany – See Hitler, Adolf

German Territorial Losses Treaty of Versailles German Territorial Losses new countries (Map) German Military Restrictions War Reparations - $$ War Guilt Clause (MOST DAMAGING) League of Nations

League of Nations U.S. did not join Failure: examples Japanese into Manchuria Italy into Ethiopia and Greece Hitler - EVERYWHERE

Results of Treaty of Versailles No country happy with Treaty Did not build a lasting peace Created more animosity and hate Ultimately led to WWII

The Cost of World War I 8.5 million soldiers died SEE CHART 21 million wounded Countless citizens + Flu Farms, towns, and cities destroyed $338 BILLION How does Europe recover?