Tissues Tissue = A collection of cells that perform related functions, and are similar in structure Histology = The study of tissues The Four Primary.

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Presentation transcript:

Tissues Tissue = A collection of cells that perform related functions, and are similar in structure Histology = The study of tissues The Four Primary Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

Epithelial Tissue Epithelium / -a = cell layer (barrier) Protection: covering or lining—inside and out Permeability control: selective secretion and absorption Sensation: touch receptors etc. and neuroepithelium of special senses Glands = secretory structure Specialized secretions

Structural Characteristics of Epithelia apical Cellularity Cell to cell contacts Polarity Support by connective tissue Avascular (esp. skin) Regeneration/repair basal BM

Polarity of Epithelial Cells

Classification of Epithelia The function of the epithelium determines which type. Typically classified according to 1. Number of cell layers Simple vs. Stratified 2. Shape of cell Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Simple Squamous Epithelium Location: Lining of ventral body cavities, e.g. peritoneum Lining of blood vessels (endothelium) Alveoli

Lung

Function of Simple Squamous E. Friction reduction (cavity lining) Blood vessel permeability control (capillaries) Gas absorption and secretion (lung) Not very protective—only one cell thick

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function: Secretion Absorption Location: Lining of ducts Glands (salivary, pancreas, thyroid) Kidney tubules

Thyroid Follicle

Simple Columnar Epithelium Function: Secretion Absorption Location: GI tract Many excretory ducts

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Function: Mucociliary Blanket Mixture of cell types  nuclei located at various distances from surface. Yet: all cells contact BM Location: Respiratory tract except for lungs

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function Protection against abrasion, pathogens, chemicals, heat/cold… Keratinized vs. non-keratinized Location ? Where we need protection! Skin surface Entrances/exits of body, e.g. mouth, vagina

Stratified cuboidal and columnar: quite rare, found in glands and ducts Sweat gland

Transitional Epithelium Function ? Extreme expansion & recoil Layered appearance due to overcrowding. All cells contact BM. Location ? Bladder, ureters, renal pelvis

stretched

Glandular Epithelia Types of Glandular Secretions: Exocrine Endocrine Glands have ducts Secretion to the “outside” of the body Simple or compound Endocrine Glands have no ducts Hormones (into the bloodstream)

Location in the Body

Connective Tissue: Supports, protects, binds tissues Structural characteristics: Specialized cells Extracellular protein fibers (collagen) Ground substance (fluid-like) extracellular matrix

Functions of C.T. Structural framework for body (p77) Transport of fluids and dissolved materials Support and protection for organs Energy storage (fat) Defense

Classification of C.T. C.T. proper (viscous matrix with fibrous, insoluble proteins) Areolar (loose), reticular, dense, adipose Supporting C.T. (gelatinous or solid matrix) Cartilage, bone Fluid C.T. (watery matrix with dissolved proteins) Blood, lymph

Classification of Connective Tissue

Connective Tissue Proper. - viscous matrix Connective Tissue Proper - viscous matrix -Includes loose, reticular, dense C.T. Types of Fibers: Collagen Elastic Reticular Defense: Macrophages Plasma Cells Mast Cells Other WBC Think about dermis

Fluid C. T. Blood (Ch 17) Lymph (Ch 20)

Supporting C.T. Cartilage Bone (Chapter 5) Hyaline, cells in lacunae Articular cartilage, symphysis pubis Elastic Ear, larynx Fibrocartilage Intervertebral discs Bone (Chapter 5) Mineral matrix

Study individual types of c.t. in lab

Membranes = Combination of Epithelia & C.T. Mucous membranes, Lining of cavities that communicate with exterior Serous membranes, Lining of sealed, internal cavities Cutaneous membranes, Skin

Membranes, cont’d Know special names of serous membranes depending on location Also know difference between “parietal” and “visceral”

Mucous vs. Serous Membrane

Cutaneous & Synovial Membranes

C.T. Framework of Body Also: Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer

Muscle Tissue Three types: Skeletal Cardiac Smooth (not striated)

Skeletal Muscle Voluntary Heavily striated Multinucleate periphery of the cell

Cardiac Muscle Heart (Only) Involuntary Striated Intercalated disks Heavily branched Single central nucleus

Smooth Muscle Involuntary Esp. digestive system No striations Very slow Single central nucleus

Nervous Tissue (ch 12) Neurons Neuroglia Transmit electrical impulses Supportive cells of the nervous system

Neural Tissue