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2 Anomalous phenomenon in Ni-H Systems F. Piantelli We trace a possible path for the development of this intriguing and very complex area of research. During a biophysics experiment in August 1989 in an environment containing H at a pressure of about 1 atm absolute and in the presence of very pure Ni (2 x 1 x 0.01 cm) foil there was an excess of energy emitted, not be explained by the electric power (of the order of mW) used input through two terminals are welded to the outer edges of the plate. Maany subsequent verification experiments have shown increasing emissions of heat energy and emission of radiation of various kinds fortunately so far only in certain conditions and in very small quantities. Hundreds of tests have made reproducible anomalous phenomenon. We look at the current state of research today ignoring future prospects for possible industrial products

3 Two Cloud Chamber tracks from a sample which produced energy.

4 Photon emission spectrum NaI(Tl) detector

5 Photon emission spectrum NaI(Tl) detector for five weeks

6 Ge detector

7 further Ge spectrum

8 Ge spectra : 411 KeV peak of the Au activated by neutrons and some background spectra

9 HpGe spectra of activated and not activated Gold. Details of the region around 411 keV are shown in the insert.

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12 Fig. 3: SEM-EDAX analysis of the surfaces a) spectrum detected on the rod surface in a region where there was not energy production b)spectrum detected on the rod surface in a region where there was energy production as measured by means of the temperature on the external cell surface

13 Superficial Cu and Zn % abundance on Ni rod surface after cell extraction

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17 A sample excitation performed with a temperature jump; Tc1 is measured inside the cell (Pt100), Tc2 and Tc3 are measured outside the cell at different edges. An inversion between Tc2 and Tc3 can be observed. Such an effect is due to the large extra power production by the nickel rod at the edge where Tc3 is measured.

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22 Galileos rules 1.- sensata esperienza (experiment) 2.- intuizione (intuition i.e. hypothesis and mechanism) 3.- elaborazione matematica (mathematical elaboration) 4.- Giudizio sommo ( key experiment) perché questo mondo non ha da essere un mondo di carta Exsperimental and theoretical analysis

23 Facts seen in many important labs - thermal energy in excess of any possible chemical-physical reactions (here it is important to exclude these simple reactions, on the contrary one will see what there is not, as it recently happened); it is important to note that similar parasitic phenomena take place in experiments both with gas and with electrochemical techniques - alpha particles detected at the same time of the excess energy production, even if it was not possible (at least up to now) to correlate them to the produced energy. This fact is also due to the complexity of the secondary reactions, still not found, which make any calculation impossible at present. - detection of new elements absent in the samples before the experiments (also in this case they cant be connected to the produced energy due to the complexity of secondary reactions)

24 -Detection of (fortunately) few neutrons, -X or gamma photons ( or very energetic X rays). - detection of activity after the extraction of the sample (photons and charged particles) Some other more changeable facts

25 -They must be already experimentally detected and verified, -It is necessary to experimentally verify them if they are still not verified - They must refer to well verified and known data, laws and knowledge Concerning Working hypotheses

26 -an explanation based on strong interaction (as for example d+d->,t, 3 He) or similar must explain how it is possible to overcome the high potential barrier and why the characteristc products are lacking -an explanation based on a new cluster among atoms or nuclei or nucleons must explain why these clusters were never seen or detected beside the lacking of the typical products (never detected) -an explanation based on weak interactions must show where the necessary energy comes from and why the typical particles were never detected (for example the heavy electron which should be different from a or a ). Every hypothesis must (always) be experimentally verified The most common used hypothesis in the explanation attempts and their problems

27 The complexity of the anomalous phenomenon can be deduced from an incomplete and short list of all the variables to be studied: -the involved transition metals; -the minimum working temperature which is different for the different metals. -the maximum temperature corresponding to the stopping of the phenomenon because of the destruction of the necessary conditions. -the primer and excitation techniques -the H pressure -the best geometry for the cell -size and stability of the structure of the used metal -more