Types of Intelligence: What Does It Mean to Be Smart?

Intelligence What is intelligence? Are there different types of intelligence? If so, how many? Can intelligence be measured? Not all psychologists agree on the answers to these important questions

What Is IQ? IQ: Intelligence Quotient Score on an intelligence test Meaning has changed over time

Intelligence Testing: History Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon Developed first intelligence test (1904-1911) Identify students who need extra help Test many normal children at each age Compare individual’s score to “normal” scores Mental age Chronological age

Question

What does IQ stand for? A) Intelligence Quantity B) Intelligence Quotient C) Instant Quotient D) Intelligence Quota E) Inane Quotient

What does IQ stand for? A) Intelligence Quantity B) Intelligence Quotient C) Instant Quotient D) Intelligence Quota E) Inane Quotient

Intelligence Testing: History Lewis Terman (Stanford University) Developed American version of the Binet-Simon test, called the Stanford-Binet test, for ages 2 to adult David Wechsler Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Performance and verbal subtests

Question

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon are credited with ________. A) devising a universal definition of intelligence B) explaining the difference between general and specific intelligence C) developing physiological measures of brain activity in response to intellectual tasks D) creating the first intelligence test E) improving the American education system in the early 1900s

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon are credited with ________. A) devising a universal definition of intelligence B) explaining the difference between general and specific intelligence C) developing physiological measures of brain activity in response to intellectual tasks D) creating the first intelligence test E) improving the American education system in the early 1900s

Calculating IQ Problem: people don’t get stupider with age mental age Modern approach Compare individual to standardized sample IQ = mental age chronological age x 100

The Normal Curve Population Mean Standard deviation

Question

The standard deviation indicates ________. A) the average score B) the degree to which individual scores vary from the mean C) the number of scores that deviate from the mean D) the ratio of scores above the mean E) the ratio of scores at the mean

The standard deviation indicates ________. A) the average score B) the degree to which individual scores vary from the mean C) the number of scores that deviate from the mean D) the ratio of scores above the mean E) the ratio of scores at the mean

Reliability and Validity A good test must be valid and reliable Reliability Test produces consistent results Validity Test measures what it is supposed to The WAIS-III is highly reliable, but is it a valid measure of intelligence?

Question

E) reliable; consistent Measuring your feet at the beginning of this course and then measuring you feet at the end of it would be a ________ measure, but NOT a ________ measure of your IQ. A) valid; reliable B) reliable; valid C) truthful; real D) valid; consistent E) reliable; consistent

E) reliable; consistent Measuring your feet at the beginning of this course and then measuring you feet at the end of it would be a ________ measure, but NOT a ________ measure of your IQ. A) valid; reliable B) reliable; valid C) truthful; real D) valid; consistent E) reliable; consistent

IQ and Achievement IQ tends to be related to achievement High school and college grades Job prestige and salary Marital stability However, IQ accounts for only a small amount of the variation in job success Correlation is not causation Motivation, education, culture are important

Question

Is IQ associated with achievement in the real world? A) It is impossible to tell B) Yes, but only for those with high IQ C) No, there are no correlations of IQ and achievement D) Yes, but the relationship is small E) Yes, but IQ only relates to school achievement

Is IQ associated with achievement in the real world? A) It is impossible to tell B) Yes, but only for those with high IQ C) No, there are no correlations of IQ and achievement D) Yes, but the relationship is small E) Yes, but IQ only relates to school achievement

One Intelligence or Many? Charles Spearman g: general factor s: specific factors Intelligence depends mostly on g

One Intelligence or Many? Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence Aging Crystallized intelligence doesn’t suffer Fluid intelligence tends to decrease

One Intelligence or Many? Carroll’s three-stratum model Top strata is g, general intelligence Second strata includes fluid and crystallized intelligence with 6 other broad abilities Third strata includes 69 specific abilities

Question

Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as ________. A) knowing facts is to creating novel solutions B) novel solutions is to knowing facts C) essential is to optional D) optional is to essential E) strong is to weak

Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as ________. A) knowing facts is to creating novel solutions B) novel solutions is to knowing facts C) essential is to optional D) optional is to essential E) strong is to weak

Emotional Intelligence (EI) Managing Understanding Perceiving emotions Facilitating thought with emotion Handling relationships Women tend to have higher EI than men

Question

You notice that a friend grimaces when you mention another person's name and you realize that your friend has a problem with this person. What aspect of the four-branch model of emotional intelligence does this illustrate? A) Understanding emotion B) Managing emotion D) Perceiving emotion C) Facilitating emotion E) Initiating emotion

You notice that a friend grimaces when you mention another person's name and you realize that your friend has a problem with this person. What aspect of the four-branch model of emotional intelligence does this illustrate? A) Understanding emotion B) Managing emotion D) Perceiving emotion C) Facilitating emotion E) Initiating emotion

Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner (8 or 9 forms of intelligence) Linguistic intelligence Spatial intelligence Musical intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Naturalist intelligence Existential intelligence (tentative)

Question

C) genetically determined D) unrelated to culture According to Howard Gardner, the types of intelligence should be viewed as ________. A) irrelevant B) distinct C) genetically determined D) unrelated to culture

C) genetically determined D) unrelated to culture According to Howard Gardner, the types of intelligence should be viewed as ________. A) irrelevant B) distinct C) genetically determined D) unrelated to culture

ANOTHER question

A) linguistic B) mathematic C) spatial D) body E) general According to Gardner, if you are good at understanding literature, you have high ________ intelligence. A) linguistic B) mathematic C) spatial D) body E) general

A) linguistic B) mathematic C) spatial D) body E) general According to Gardner, if you are good at understanding literature, you have high ________ intelligence. A) linguistic B) mathematic C) spatial D) body E) general

Multiple Intelligences Robert Sternberg (3 forms of intelligence) Analytic intelligence Practical intelligence Creative intelligence

Brain Size and Intelligence Is bigger always better? Depends more on size of crucial brain areas Females tend to have smaller brains but equal IQs Correlation between size and intelligence is small Correlation is not causation

IQ and Speed of Processing Is IQ correlated with speed of information processing? Mixed results Those with higher IQs are better able to judge which of two briefly presented lines are longer Measures of neural conduction are only weakly related to intelligence

Question

What is the relationship between brain size and IQ? A) Brain size has no impact on IQ B) They are correlated C) Large brains usually indicate lower IQ D) They are not correlated E) This has not been investigated

What is the relationship between brain size and IQ? A) Brain size has no impact on IQ B) They are correlated C) Large brains usually indicate lower IQ D) They are not correlated E) This has not been investigated

IQ: Genes and Environment Adoption studies Correlation of IQs for identical twins raised apart is higher than that for fraternal twins and nontwin siblings raised together An adopted child’s IQ correlates higher with the biological mother’s IQ than with the adoptive mother’s IQ Strong evidence of the link between genes and IQ

Genetic Relatedness and IQ

Question

The correlation of IQ's for adult identical twins raised apart is ________. A) higher than for fraternal twins raised together B) lower than for fraternal twins raised together C) the same as fraternal twins raised together D) the same as identical twins raised together E) higher than for identical twins raised together

The correlation of IQ's for adult identical twins raised apart is ________. A) higher than for fraternal twins raised together B) lower than for fraternal twins raised together C) the same as fraternal twins raised together D) the same as identical twins raised together E) higher than for identical twins raised together

IQ: Genes and Environment Effects of environment Stoolmiller (1999) estimated the effects of the environment on IQ to be 57% Microenvironment Selecting the environment as we age Reaction range

Question

The effects of genes versus environment are best understood through ________. A) observational studies. B) sibling studies. C) adoption studies. D) examination of the brain. E) reasoned analysis.

The effects of genes versus environment are best understood through ________. A) observational studies. B) sibling studies. C) adoption studies. D) examination of the brain. E) reasoned analysis.

Group Differences in IQ Race differences Test bias Environmental differences Adopted blacks WWII 1/2 black children Microenvironments Sex differences

Question

The fact that microenvironments influence intelligence suggests that ________. A) only genetic factors determine what is viewed as an appealing environment B) it is impossible to understand how the environment impacts intelligence C) even though identical twins have more genes in common than do siblings, both groups tend to have similar microenvironments D) your genes help shape aspects of the environment itself E) aspects of your environment can help reshape your genes

The fact that microenvironments influence intelligence suggests that ________. A) only genetic factors determine what is viewed as an appealing environment B) it is impossible to understand how the environment impacts intelligence C) even though identical twins have more genes in common than do siblings, both groups tend to have similar microenvironments D) your genes help shape aspects of the environment itself E) aspects of your environment can help reshape your genes

Boosting IQ The Flynn effect Average IQ increases 3 points every 10 years Explanations? Daily life is more challenging Nutrition is better Reasoning ability stressed by IQ tests has gotten better, not IQ itself Hybrid vigor

The Pygmalion Effect Random selection of children Self-fulfilling prophecy

Mental Retardation IQ less than 70 4-7 million Americans Islands of excellence Savants

Mental Retardation Genetic influences Environmental influences Down syndrome Fragile X syndrome Autism Environmental influences Fetal alcohol syndrome Childhood diseases Exposure to environmental toxins Inadequate medical care

Question

A person is generally considered to be mentally retarded if they have an IQ score of ________ or less. A) 25 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80 E) 100

A person is generally considered to be mentally retarded if they have an IQ score of ________ or less. A) 25 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80 E) 100

The Gifted IQ of 150-180 Prodigies Gifted child  Gifted adult?

Creativity The ability to produce something original of high quality or to devise effective new ways of solving a problem Two stages of creativity Generate various possible solutions Select among them

Creative People Characteristics No strong genetic relationship Use of analogies High intelligence Wide interests Don’t like dogma High self-esteem Work hard No strong genetic relationship Creativity and mental stability?