Types of Hybridisation (a) sp hybridisation: one s orbital mixes with one p orbital, forming two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals. linear 180 Eg. BeCl2 two sp hybrid orbitals 50% s character 50% p character

Hybrid orbital: unequal size lobes unhybridised orbital: sp Hybridisation sp hybridisation 2s 2px (Linear arrangement) Hybrid orbital: unequal size lobes 2py unhybridised 2py 2pz unhybridised orbital: lobes of equal size 2pz

Types of Hybridisation three sp2 hybrid orbitals (b) sp2 hybridisation: one s orbital mixes with two p orbitals forming three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals trigonal planar 120 Eg. BCl3 Only valence e- are used in bonding – hybridise only valence atomic orbitals 33.3% s character 66.7% p character three sp2 hybrid orbitals

sp2 Hybridisation sp2 hybridisation unhybridised orbital: Three sp2 hybrid orbitals 2s sp2 hybridisation 2px (Linear arrangement) Trigonal planar arrangement 2py 2pz unhybridised orbital: for π bond formation or left vacant unhybridised 2pz

Types of Hybridisation four sp3 hybrid orbitals (c) sp3 hybridisation: one s orbital mixes with three p orbitals forming four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals. tetrahedral 109.5 Eg. CH4 25% s character 75% p character four sp3 hybrid orbitals

Tetrahedral arrangement Four sp3 hybrid orbitals sp3 Hybridisation Tetrahedral arrangement Four sp3 hybrid orbitals 2s sp3 hybridisation 2px 2py 2pz