Asbestos Claims Based on Automotive Work

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Presentation transcript:

Asbestos Claims Based on Automotive Work Edward M. Slaughter Hawkins Parnell Thackston & YoungLLP Atlanta • Austin • Charleston • Dallas Los Angeles • St. Louis • San Francisco 1

Epidemiological Studies Involving Auto Mechanics Study Evidence of Causation? 1) McDonald and McDonald (1980) NO 2) Petersen and Milham (1980) 3) Teta et al. (1983) 4) Spirtas et al. (1985) 5) Olsen and Jensen (1987) 6) Jarvholm and Brisman (1988) 7) Hansen (1989) 8) Gustavsson et al. (1990) 9) Woitowitz and Rodelsperger (1994) 10) Coggon et al. (1995) 11) Teschke et al. (1997) 12) Agudo et al. (2000) 13) Milham and Ossiander (2001) 14) National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) (2002) 15) Hansen and Meersohn (2003) 16) Hessel et al. (2004) 17) McElvenny et al. (2005) 18) Rolland et al. (2010) 19) Rake et al. (2010) 20) Aguilar-Madrid et al. (2010) 21) Merlo et al. (2010) 2

Funding for Epidemiological Studies Involving Auto Mechanics Government, Universities and/or Medical Community Industry Car or Brake Manufacturers Petersen (1980) McDonald (1980) Hessel (2004) Teta (1983) Gustavsson (1990) Olsen and Jensen (1987) Jarvholm and Brisman (1988) Hansen (1989) Spirtas (1985) Woitowitz and Rodeslperger (1994) Coggon (1995) Teschke (1997) Agudo (2000) Milham and Ossiander (2001) NIOSH (2002) Hansen and Meersohn (2003) McElvenny (2005) Rake (2010) Rolland (2010) Aguilar-Madrid (2010) Merlo (2010) 3

Sam Hammar: “the epidemiology does not support evidence that chrysotile causes mesothelioma in brake mechanics.” - Dr. Sam Hammar, Farag Depo, 11/02/10, 18:18-20 4

Sam Hammar: “In terms of science the question of whether automotive mechanics and especially dedicated brake mechanics with protracted exposures to dust derived from grinding, shaping of new brake block linings have an increased risk of malignant mesothelioma remains unresolved and contentious” - Dail, David H. and Samuel P. Hammar. Pulmonary Pathology. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994 5

Changing Regulations Regarding Asbestos 30 25 30 f/cc ACGIH 12 f/cc Walsh Healy 20 f/cc 15 2 f/cc OSHA 0.2 f/cc OSHA 0.1 f/cc OSHA 10 5 f/cc OSHA 5 6

Exposure Studies – Automobiles/Light Trucks Author Sampling Year(s) Affiliation Approach 8-Hour TWA (f/cc) Mean (Range)* Hickish & Knight 1968 Ford UK Analyzed personal samples for a mechanic cleaning 11 cars 0.68 Johnson et al. 1976–77 NIOSH Analyzed personal samples using PCM at 7 garages 0.066 (0.011-0.11) Roberts 1979 Analyzed personal samples for 1 mechanic using PCM 0.012 Analyzed personal samples for 2 mechanics using PCM 0.011 (0.006-0.017) Roberts & Zumwalde Analyzed personal samples for 13 mechanics using PCM 0.069 (0.01-0.143) Rodelsperger et al. 1986 Germany Univ. Institute Analyzed 31 personal samples using PCM 0.039 * Concentrations from authors or estimated from published data by Paustenbach et al. 2003 7

Exposure Studies – Automobiles/Light Trucks Author Sampling Year(s) Affiliation Approach 8-Hour TWA (f/cc) Mean (Range)* Plato et al. 1976-1988 Dept. of Occ. Health – Karolinska Hospital - Sweden Analyzed 23 samples using PCM 0.1 (0.02-0.2) Moore 1988 Univ. of PA Analyzed 35 samples 0.002 (0-0.009) Sheehy et al. 1986–87 NIOSH Analyzed 83 personal samples 0.0021 (0.000007-0.0025) Yeung et al. 1996 Worksafe Australia Analyzed 4 personal samples using PCM 0.034 (0.0042-0.094) * Concentrations from authors or estimated from published data by Paustenbach et al. 2003 8

Automobile Brake Mechanic 8-Hour TWA Exposure Studies Prior OSHA Level 5.0 2.0 2 Mean or Single Value Range (no mean or single value reported) ASBESTOS CONCENTRATION (f/cc) 1 0.2 0.1 0.68(1) 1970 0.02-0.18(2) 1979 0.1(3) 1984 0.03(4) 1987 <0.002(5) 1988 0.012(6) 1990 0.034(7) 1996 (1) Hikish & Knight (1970); (2) Johnson (1979) NIOSH; (3) Nicholson (1984) NIOS 1979 Data; (4) Kauppinen (1987); (5) Moore (1988); (6) Federa Reg (1990) 1986-89 OSHA Data; (6) Yeung (1996) 9

U.S. Government Warning - 1972 CAUTION Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Creating Dust Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm 10 29 CFR 1910, §1910.93a(g)(2)(ii) (June 7, 1972)

Actual Brake Product Warning - 1973 Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Creating Dust Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm 11

U.S. Government Jobsite Warning Signs - 1972 Asbestos dust may cause asbestosis, a severe lung disease, and is implicated in the development of certain cancers. Control of exposure to asbestos dust helps protect against these hazards. 12 29 CFR 1910, §1910.93a(e)(2) (January 12, 1972)

OSHA – Government Position: Asbestos Is A Carcinogen 13

EPA “Gold Book” Guidance for Preventing Asbestos Disease Among Auto Mechanics (1986) 14

Asbestos – A Carcinogen Asbestos is 1 of over 130 occupational carcinogens listed by the U.S. Government 15 Source: www.cdc.gov

Peanut Butter – No Safe Level? Q. And peanut butter has aflatoxin in it, right? A. It's not supposed to, but they allow a certain amount of aflatoxin in peanut butter, yes, sir. Q. Do you eat peanut butter? A. Occasionally. Q. Here's some peanut butter. Would you hold that up, please? That's peanut butter, right? A. Yes. Q. And based on your view, that there's no safe level of exposure to a known carcinogen, someone who eats peanut butter will put themselves at an increased risk of liver cancer? 16 Dr. Arthur Frank, Schwarber Depo, 09/10/07, 106:1-17

X Exposure Duration (work-years) Asbestos Concentration (fibers/cc) Dose Calculation 101   Exposure Duration (work-years) Asbestos Concentration (fibers/cc) Cumulative Asbestos Exposure Dose (fiber/cc years) X 17

Cumulative Estimate of Brake Work in Work-Years Plaintiff worked for 1 year doing brake work 25% of the time Exposure duration = .25 (.25 x 1) Plaintiff worked for 15 years doing brake work 25% of the time Exposure duration = 3.75 (.25 x 15) Plaintiff worked for 40 years doing brake work 50% of the time Exposure duration = 20 (.5 x 20) 18

Average Time Weighted Average for Mechanics = .04 f/cc Estimated and measured 8-hour TWAs for mechanics servicing automobiles and light trucks range from: <0.002 to 0.68 f/cc Mean of 0.04 f/cc Paustenbach et al. “An Evaluation of the Historical Exposures of Mechanics to Asbestos in Brake Dust.” Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 18: 786–804 (2003) 19

Example #1: Applying a 0.04 TWA Plaintiff worked for 1 year doing brake work 25% of the time Exposure duration = .25 (.25 x 1 year) .25 x .04 = .01 f/cc years Plaintiff worked for 15 years doing brake work 25% of the time Exposure duration = 3.75 (.25 x 15) 3.75 x .04 = .15 f/cc years Plaintiff worked for 40 years doing brake work 50% of the time Exposure duration = 20 (.5 x 40) 20 x .04 = .80 f/cc years 20

Example #2: TWA = 5.0 f/cc Plaintiff worked for 1 year doing brake work 25% of the time Exposure duration = .25 (.25 x 1 year) . .25 x 5.0 = 1.25 f/cc years Plaintiff worked for 15 years doing brake work 25% of the time Exposure duration = 3.75 (.25 x 15) 3.75 x 5.0 = 18.75 f/cc years Plaintiff worked for 40 years doing brake work 50% of the time Exposure duration = 20 (.5 x 40) 20 x 5.0 = 100 f/cc years 21

Example #3: TWA = 0.68 f/cc Hickish & Knight (1968) Plaintiff worked for 1 year doing brake work 25% of the time Exposure duration = .25 (.25 x 1 year) . .25 x 0.68 = 0.17 f/cc years Plaintiff worked for 15 years doing brake work 25% of the time Exposure duration = 3.75 (.25 x 15) 3.75 x 0.68 = 2.55 f/cc years Plaintiff worked for 40 years doing brake work 50% of the time Exposure duration = 20 (.5 x 40) 20 x 0.68 = 13.6 f/cc years 22

40 x .5 x .04 = 0.80 f/cc years 40 x .5 x 5 = 100 f/cc years Worst Case Scenario Career auto mechanic does brake jobs for 4 hours each day for over 40 years 40 x .5 x .04 = 0.80 f/cc years 40 x .5 x 5 = 100 f/cc years 23

Ambient Lifetime Exposure Range .00002 .0001 .0005 .00075 .001 .0001 .001 .0001 .001 .00002 .00075 .0005 DEFENSE NED HOLSTEIN SUSAN RATERMAN RICHARD HATFIELD 24

Comparing Ambient to Working Hours Ambient (Background): 24 hours/day X 365 days/year X 40 years Total = 350,400 hours Working Life: 40 hours/week X 50 weeks/year X 40 years Total = 80,000 hours Ambient Hours 350,400 Work Hours 80,000 = 4.38 25

Calculating Ambient Lifetime Dose Age X Ambient Range X 4.38 Cumulative Lifetime Dose 60 X [.0001 - .001] X 4.38 Range 0.026 – 0.262 26

Example of Friction Exposure Exposure Duration (work-years) Asbestos Concentration (f/cc) Cumulative Asbestos Exposure Dose (f/cc-years) Low High Cumulative Estimate of Vehicular Brake or Friction Work <0.25 Average TWA = 0.04 <0.01 Ambient Lifetime Exposure 49-year lifetime equivalent 0.0001 0.001 0.021 0.21 Exposure Estimate at Current OSHA PEL 40 0.1 4.0 27

Auto Mechanic With Mesothelioma What’s the true source of exposure? 28

29

The toxicity level of the different types of asbestos is as follows: Toxicity of Asbestos Hodgson and Darnton (2000) The toxicity level of the different types of asbestos is as follows: Crocidolite : Amosite : Chrysotile = 500 : 100 : 1 30

Sources for Searching for Alternative Exposure Social Security Records EPA Superfund Website ASTDR Website Bankruptcy Trust Websites WR Grace Website OSHA Website Environmental Working Group Website USGS Asbestos Survey Maps FOIA Requests Local Newspaper Searches 31

Example: Work At Asbestos Mill Auto mechanic alleging brake products caused his mesothelioma Through investigation, discovered plaintiff worked at Amercoat Plant, an asbestos mill in Oklahoma At site inspection, discovered raw crocidolite still located plant where plaintiff worked Cause of mesothelioma Crocidolite 32

Newspaper Article: The Daily Ardmoreite “The firm has grown to the extent that Amercoat is now synonymous with corrosion control…” “Growth plans have expanded the plant’s operations into four other areas- filament wound fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe, custom fabricated fiberglass reinforced plastic products, asbestos mats, and inorganic coatings” 33

Example of Hammer Mill Exposure Exposure Duration (work-years) Asbestos Concentration (f/cc) Cumulative Asbestos Exposure Dose (f/cc-years) Low High Cumulative Estimate of Hammer Mill Work <0.50 Average TWA = 50.0 <25.0 Ambient Lifetime Exposure 49-year lifetime equivalent 0.0001 0.001 0.021 0.21 Exposure Estimate at Current OSHA PEL 40 0.1 4.0 34

What’s the Difference in Risk? Cumulative Estimate of Brake Work Cumulative Estimate of Hammer Mill Work <0.01 f/cc X (Chrysotile) 1 0.01 25 f/cc X (Crocidolite) 500 12,500 35

Case Example: Grew Up In West Bank, Louisiana Auto mechanic alleging brake products caused his mesothelioma Grew up in West Bank - identified address through deposition or discovery Admitted to playing with scraps from Johns-Manville plant at deposition Compared home addresses to EPA Remediation Documents Cause of mesothelioma Crocidolite 36

Marrero, Louisiana Plaintiff’s Residences JM Plant 37 0.5 miles 1 mile

EPA Asbestos Removal Area – Marrero, LA Plaintiff’s Residences School 38

Case Example: Egypt Auto mechanic alleging brake products caused his mesothelioma Plaintiff grew up in Cairo, Egypt where several asbestos cement factories are located, including ones that used crocidolite Investigate plaintiff’s prior addresses and compare to map of crocidolite factories – have plaintiff verify map at deposition Cause of mesothelioma Crocidolite 39

Cairo, Egypt Plaintiff Attended elementary school and lived in North Went to University in Helwan Asbestos Factories 40

Mesothelioma Epidemic in Egypt Plaintiff lived within a mile and a half of the Siegwart facility, an asbestos cement factory Epidemiological studies have shown that the closer people lived to the factory, the higher the risk of mesothelioma There were also 14 other asbestos factories within the vicinity of Plaintiff’s home and school in Cairo 41

Mesothelioma Epidemic in Egypt Several articles have been written about the mesothelioma epidemic in Egypt This epidemic is due, in large part, to neighborhood exposures 42

Industrial Hygiene Alternative Exposure Conclusion Work with asbestos-containing brakes does not cause mesothelioma Epidemiology Industrial Hygiene Alternative Exposure 43