Anatomy and Physiology for Emergency Care Chapter 11 The Endocrine System
Objectives Compare the similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems Compare the major chemical classes of hormones Explain the general mechanisms of hormonal action Describe how endocrine organs are controlled
Objectives Discuss the location, hormones, and functions of the following glands and tissues: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, thymus, adrenals, kidneys, heart, pancreas, testes, ovaries, and pineal gland Explain how hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses
Objectives Identify the hormones that are especially important to normal growth, and discuss their roles Explain how the endocrine system responds to stress Discuss the results of abnormal hormone production Discuss the functional relationships between the endocrine system and other body systems
An Overview of the Endocrine System
An Overview of the Endocrine System Structure of Hormones Hormones and the Cell Membrane Hormones and Intracellular Receptors
An Overview of the Endocrine System Control of Endocrine Activity Direct Negative Feedback Control Hypothalamus and Endocrine Regulation
The Pituitary Gland Anterior Pituitary Gland Hypophyseal Portal System Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL GH MSH
Anatomy and Orientation of the Pituitary Gland
Hypophyseal Portal System
Feedback and Control of Endocrine Secretions
The Pituitary Gland The Posterior Pituitary Gland ADH Oxytocin
Pituitary Hormones and their Targets
The Thyroid Gland Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland: Calcitonin
Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations
The Parathyroid Glands PTH
The Thymus Relatively enormous in newborns Reaches maximum size just before puberty Thymosins Key role in development and maintenance of normal immunological defenses
The Adrenal Glands The Adrenal Cortex The Adrenal Medulla Corticosteroids Mineralcorticoids Androgens The Adrenal Medulla
The Kidneys Calcitriol Erythropoietin Renin
The Heart Cardiac muscle cells in right atrium Atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)
Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System The Pancreas Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations
Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations
Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System The Testes Interstitial cells Androgens Testosterone Sustentacular cells The Ovaries Follicles Estrogens Corpus luteum Progesterone
The Pineal Gland Melatonin Slows the timing of sexual maturity Acts as an antioxidant Establishes day-night cycles of activity
Patterns of Hormonal Interaction Hormones and Growth Growth hormones Thyroid hormones Insulin Parathyroid hormone Gonadal hormones Hormones and Behavior Hormones and Aging
General Adaptation Syndrome
Integration with other Systems
Summary
Emergency Care Applications Chapter 11
Overview of the Many Facets of Endocrine Systems Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus Type I Diabetes Mellitus Type II Diabetes Mellitus Emergency Complications of Diabetes Hypoglycemia (Insulin Shock) Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetic Coma) Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma
Intravenous Glucose Administration
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland Grave’s Disease Thyrotoxic Crisis (Thyroid Storm) Hypothyroidism and Myxedema
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
Disorders of the Adrenal Glands Hyperadrenalism (Cushing’s Syndrome) Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)
Summary