Ink jet in the PCB industry

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Presentation transcript:

Ink jet in the PCB industry An introduction

Inkjet: definition Inkjet: generation of images by propelling droplets of a functional material onto a substrate Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: thermal propelling An ink is pumped in the pressure chamber An electrical heater generates steam The increased pressure jets a droplet from the chamber onto the substrate Cheap, slow, difficult to control well, need of aqueous inks Used in consumer printers Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: piezo-electical propelling A piezoelectric crystal generates a shock wave in an ink chamber, jetting a droplet out of the chamber onto the substrate Ink is to be cured by UV light (UV inks) or by cooling down (phase shift inks) More expensive, fast, good control, wide variety of inks Used in commercial and industrial printers Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: continous propelling A high pressure pump generates a constant flow of charged ink droplets. The droplets can be deflected from the substrate by a electrical field Matured technology, long traveling distance, no nozzle clogging Used in industrial printers (marking). Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: functional material 1 Aqueous inks: Water, glycol and dye or pigment Dye: cheap, colors fade Pigment: long term, UV resistant Cheap, receiving layer needed on substrate 2 Solvent inks (hard and mild or eco) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pigments Can print on vinyl 3 UV inks Acrylic monomers and initiator After printing ink is cured by UV-light (pinning the droplet) Can be applied on uncoated substrates, very robust image Expensive, require expensive curing module Image may crack Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: substrate The right propelling technology with the right functional material can print on: Paper Paper (with micro porous layer) Wall paper Coated paper Card board Textile (canvas, T-shirts) Stone and tiles Packaging materials Plastics (vinyl) Aluminum (cans, blisters) Copper (PCB) ……… Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: Heads: Good to know Nozzle: Pipe, channel that directs an ink droplet Also called: droplet generation unit, propelling unit, orifice Resolution Figure indicating the number of nozzles per inch Typical: 360, 720, 1440 DPI Drop size Figure indicating the content of one droplet expressed in pL (pico liter) 1 liter = 1 000 000 000 000 (1012) pL 1 000 000 pl weights 1 mg, Typical: 80, 40, 14, 4, 1 pL Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: Heads: Good to know Dots per droplet One droplet can be formed by several dots (shots) These dots conglomerate during flight to form one droplet Typical: 1 to 8 Manufactures Brother, Cannon, Dimatix (ex Spectra) (part of Fujifilm), Epson, Konica Minolta, Kyocera, Ricoh, Toshiba-Tech, Xaar Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: UV Inks: Good to know Dynamic viscosity (jetability): Resistance of a fluid to be deformed Also "thickness“ water is "thin“, low viscosity honey is "thick", high viscosity. The study of viscosity is known as rheology Expressed in Pas (Pascal sec) / mPas or cPoise Typical: 5 – 15 mPas Static surface tension (line sharpness) Measurement of the capacity of a liquid to form a ball when in contact with another surface Expressed in N/m (Newton per meter) / mN/m Typical: 20-25 mPas The Dynamic viscosity is varying with changing temperature Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: UV Inks: Good to know Specific weight Weight per volume unit Expressed in kg/m3 / g/cm3 Typical: 1 – 1,25 g/cm3 Average particel size: Size of the particles in the ink Expressed in m / nm Typical: 250 – 500 nm Latency: Time a nozzle can be idle without getting clogged Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: UV Inks: Good to know Adhesion Scratch resistance Shelf life Color and color fading Dyes - pigments Price (per liter, per cassette) …. Manufactures: HP,Sun Chemicals, Cabot, Avecia, Agfa, Sericol,Taiyo, ….. Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: Printers: Good to know Print quality Resolution Repeatability Speed Foot print Flat bed / drum Price (purchase, operation, maintenance, … ) …. Manufactures: Agfa, Canon, First EIE, Epson, HP Kodak, Lexmark, Microcraft, Orbotech, Ricoh, Xerox, …. Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: Wave form Piezoelectric.avi Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet: Cleaning mechanisms The primary cause of problems: when ink sedimentates, hardens or particles size grows in the print head's nozzles they get blocked (clogging) Solutions: Covering the print head nozzles with a rubber cap Suction pump A mechanism to reapply moisture to the print head. Frequent spraying and wipe print head The frequent cleaning can consume quite a bit of ink and has an impact on the cost Eric Janssens May 2013

Traditional Workflow Patterning Resist (IL & OL) Solder mask Legend print Eric Janssens May 2013

Workflow Inner Layer Traditional LDI & PI InkJet Provisional InkJet Final Eric Janssens May 2013

Workflow Outer Layer Traditional InkJet Provisional InkJet Final Eric Janssens May 2013

Workflow Solder Mask Traditional InkJet Provisional InkJet Final Eric Janssens May 2013

Workflow Legend Design Plotter film Dev & fix film Produce Screen Screen print Clean screen Traditional Design Print InkJet Final Eric Janssens May 2013

Long term Inkjet: reel to reel conductors, insulators, solder mask, legend ink, hole filler, conformal coatings, optical conductor, surface finishing, solder paste, ….. Eric Janssens May 2013

And ab Eric Janssens May 2013

Agfa holds good cards Agfa Materials: Agfa Graphics Market leader AgX phototooling Good in-road in the PCB industry WW sales & application organization WW logistical organization Agfa Graphics Strong in Ink Jet technology and inks Agfa Materials Technology Center: Top lab that creates functional fluids Agfa Material Operations World class functional fluid production facilities Eric Janssens May 2013

Agfa Materials Technology Centre Functional fluid development Printer Coatings Test platforms (multi color) INKS Your application and printing system Jetting lab (single color) Dit schema geeft een overzicht van de verschillende stadia die doorlopen worden bij het ontwikkelen van een IJ-inkt voor een bepaald IJ-printsysteem. Na analyse v/d beoogde toepassing en printer start het ontwikkelingstraject waarbij inktsamenstellingen hoofdzakelijk worden geëvalueerd op coatings (die off-line gecured worden voor UV). Op basis hiervan wordt een idee verkregen v/d kleurligging, de cure speed en fysische eigenschappen zoals tackiness, flexibiliteit, adhesie en krasvastheid. De laagdikte is een ‘afschatting’ van hetgeen men in het eindsysteem verwacht. In een volgend stadium wordt het jet-gedrag (drop & tail formation, drop speed en volume, vorming van mist en satellieten, latency,…) van de inkt in de printhead onderzocht en wordt er nagegaan of er hiervoor bepaalde eisen aan de inkt worden gesteld. Tevens wordt een eerste poging gedaan om inkt en printhead te verbinden via een aangespaste waveform. In een volgend stadium wordt de inkt-printhead-waveform combinatie geëvalueerd in een testplatform (meerdere kleuren). In deze fase tracht men in een meerkleurensysteem het finale printsysteem zoveel mogelijk te simuleren en moet men ook rekening houden met de beoogde “quality en throughput”. Dit zal immers bepalen welk volume inkt in welk rooster (resolutie) moet gejet worden en met welke frekwentie. Beeldkwaliteit wordt vanaf deze fase een belangrijk selectiecriterium. Optische en fysische eigenchappen kunnen nu op geprinte samples beoordeeld worden (en zijn niet noodzakelijk gelijk aan de gecoate samples – invloed van jet-of-coat to cure time, eventueel verschillend lampkarakteristieken). De uiteindelijke validatie van een bepaalde inktformulering dient te gebeuren op het uiteidenlijke printsysteem. Hier wordt er geprint in de reële omstandigheden (resolutie, throughput, shuttle speed, aantal printpassen, bi-of unidirectioneel, cure-omstandigheden,…). Deze omstandigheden samen met het gebruik van een color management systeem bepalen de uiteindelijke inktopdracht en zullen bijgevolg ook de fysische en optische eigenschappen kunnen bepalen. Ook de uiteindelijke beeldkwaliteit van het reëel printsysteem kan hier beoordeeld worden. De compatibiliteit van de inkt met printeronderdelen en maintenance systeem kan pas op dit niveau gevalideerd worden. Afhankelijk van de resultaten van de evaluaties in de verschillende stadia moet er dikwijls met de opgedane kennis teruggekeerd worden naar één van de voorgaande stadia om de inktformulering verder en beter te integreren in het gehele systeem. Eric Janssens May 2013

Agfa Materials Technology Centre Functional fluid development Jetting performance Jetting reliability Latency Image quality Cure speed Image permanence Acrylates Photo initiation Shelf life Pigment dispersion Wetting agent Raw material cost Manufacturability ….. Physical Properties adhesion flexibility scratch resistance tackiness …… Compatible with: - printer components - production facility - packaging - safety & environment regulations - patent situation Eric Janssens May 2013

Agfa Materials Technology Centre Functional fluid development Eric Janssens May 2013

Agfa Materials Operations Eric Janssens May 2013

Agfa Materials Operations Eric Janssens May 2013

Inkjet & the PCB industry Inkjet technology reached a level it is applicable in the production of PCB’s a competitive way with good yields ab is dedicated to transform from #1 in phototooling to # 1 in patterning Eric Janssens May 2013