Local Government Services and revenue.

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Presentation transcript:

Local Government Services and revenue

Services We ask local governments to help us in many ways. They often provide utilities, or services needed by the public, such as water, gas, and electricity. They build parks, schools, and roads. They plan for community growth. Every time officials decide to handle a problem in a certain way, they are making policy. If the council bans skateboarding, it is making a public safety policy. Another policy might be to build a skate park. Policy decisions often depend on money. Because no government has all the money it needs, officials must decide which services to offer. The council might decide that it does not have enough money to build a skate park, but it will allow skateboarders to use an empty parking lot. Or perhaps the park could be build if skateboarders were charged money to use it.

Education, Health, and Public Safety Local governments provide many services that meet many citizens’ human needs. Those services include education, health and welfare, and public safety. Education: The service for which local governments spend the most money is education. Local governments—counties, cities, and school districts—provide all public education from elementary through high school. Some are also in charge of two-year colleges. Local school boards build schools and hire teachers and staff to run them. Many local boards have a strong say in what courses will be taught.

Education The federal and state governments are also important in public education. State officials set standards for school employees and buildings. State governments have a strong say in how schools are run because they pay about 1/3 or more of schooling costs. The federal government helps pay for buildings, school lunch programs, and programs for children with special needs.

Education Local and state governments often do not agree about which of them should have greater control over state education money. State officials make sure that state standards are met. They also make sure that children in all school districts have equal opportunities. On the other hand, local control can be good for schools because local citizens know what the students need.

Health and Welfare Millions of Americans are poor; too ill to work, or unable to find jobs or homes. Many people help the needy, but it is a very big job. Local governments play a part by offering health and child care to families that need extra assistance. Other local programs train people for new careers and provide low-cost places to live.

Health and Welfare Most programs giving public assistance, or welfare, are funded by federal, state, and local governments together. However, local officials carry out the programs. Communities also look after public health. In many cases, local officials carry out state health laws. Local health officials inspect restaurants, markets, hotels, and water to be sure that state and federal standards are met. Many communities also ensure that federal and state laws to control pollution are obeyed.

Public Safety If you had an emergency, what would you do? You might call the police or fire department, or dial 911. If you were witnessing a crime, the Police Department would send a police officer to stop the crime and speak to you about what happened. Other members of the department would follow up on the crime to recover lost property and bring a criminal to justice. If you called 911 to report a fire, the Fire Department would dispatch a fire truck to put out the fire, help people affected by the fire, and protect nearby buildings. In the case of a medical emergency, a local dispatcher might send an ambulance to help. The ambulance would bring the sick or injured person to a local hospital or medical center where doctors would treat the patient, regardless of ability to pay.

Public Safety Local governments also hire people to make sure that safety rules, or codes, are followed. A fire code may say that all buildings must have smoke alarms. Building codes make sure that new buildings are built safely.

Utilities You may not even be aware of some local government services. However, you would certainly notice if you no longer had them. Utilities is a term that describes such services as water, gas, electricity, sewage treatment plants, and garbage collection. In many cases, water and sewage treatment plants are owned and operated by local governments. Communities often arrange for private companies to supply gas and electricity and to pick up garbage. The state makes rules to ensure that the companies deliver good services at fair rates.

Land Use In many communities, homes and businesses are in separate areas. This is the result of zoning, local rules that divide a community into areas and tell how the land in each area can be used. Zoning is a tool used by local governments to plan and control the growth of their communities.

Revenue: Paying for Services Taxes: About 25% of local government revenue comes from a property tax, a tax on land and buildings. The county assessor decides on how much the property is worth. They then charge the property owner a fixed percentage of that value. Many people feel that a property tax is fair because the more property that citizens own, the more services, such as water and fire protection, they use. Some communities bring in money through other taxes, such as a local sales tax. About 3,300 local governments in more than a dozen states put an income tax on the salaries of people who work there. The idea is to collect money from people who use city services during the workday but live somewhere else.

Service Charges and Profits Cities often charge money for certain services, such as inspecting buildings to see that they meet safety codes. Communities also get money from bridge tolls, park entrance fees, and parking meters. Some local businesses make money by running businesses. (parking garages or government owned utilities)

Borrowing When revenue from taxes, fees, and city-owned businesses is not enough to cover their costs, local governments can borrow money. For short-term needs, they may borrow from banks. To pay for big projects, such as schools buildings, communities borrow money by selling bonds.

Sharing Revenue Intergovernmental revenue, or money given by one level of government to another, is another source of funding for local governments. Federal and state governments often give money to local communities. This money is called a grant. Grants are a way to make sure that services of national or state importance are provided at the local level.