THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Q #1 Digestion begins in the oral cavity. Process called digestion occurs as food is broken down both chemically and mechanically. Broken down foods must be absorbed into the blood stream. Undigested food remains are removed, or excreted, from the body in feces.

Organs forming the continuous tube from the mouth to the anus are collectively called the gastrointestinal tract. Organs outside of the digestive tract proper (food does not travel through) and secrete their products into the digestive tract are called accessory digestive system organs.

Q #2

Q #3

Q #4 1.Intestinal glands 2.Salivary glands 3.Pancreas 4.Liver 5.Gastric glands

Q #5 1.mesentery 2.villi 3.Peyer’s patches 4.plicae circulares 5.oral cavity, stomach 6.tongue 7.pharynx 8.greater omentum, lesser omentum, mesentery 9.esophagus 10.rugae 11.haustra 12.microvilli 13.ileocecal valve 14.small intestine 15.colon 16.vestibule 17.appendix

18.stomach 19.lesser omentum 20.small intestine 21.pyloric sphincter 22.soft palate 23.small intestine 24.parietal peritoneum 25.anal canal 26.hard palate

Q #6

Q #7 1.esophagus 2.rugae 3.gallbladder 4.cecum 5.circular folds 6.frenum 7.palatine 8.saliva 9.protein absorption

Q #9

Q #10

Q #11 1.deciduous 2.6 months 3.6 years 4.permanent incisors 8.canine 9.premolars 10.molars 11.wisdom

#12

Q #13 Functions of Digestive System 1.eating 2.swallowing, segmentation and propulsion 3.chewing, churning 4.enzymatic breakdown 5.transport of nutrients from lumen to blood 6.elimination of feces

Diseases and Disorders – Q #15 Appendicitis – inflammation and infection of the appendix Constipation – inability to pass feces Diarrhea – passage of watery stools Gallstones – associated with prolonged storage of bile in the gallbladder; causes severe epigastric/abdominal pain

Heartburn – GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disorder); results from reflux of acidic gastric liquids into the esophagus Jaundice – yellowing of eyes and skin; indicates liver problems or blockage of the biliary ducts Peritonitis – inflammation of the abdominal membrane Ulcer – erosion of the stomach or duodenal mucosa

Q #17 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides  Fructose  Galactose  Glucose Disaccharides  Sucrose  Lactose  Maltose

Proteins Amino acids

Lipids/Fats Fatty acids and Glycerol

Most important for energy? GLUCOSE

Nutrition and Metabolism – Q #20 Amino acids  Tend to be conserved by cells  Used to make the bulk of cell structure and enzymes Carbohydrates  Most used substance for producing ATP Fats  In myelin sheaths and cell membranes  Second most important energy source  Insulates organs

Q #21 Carb-rich foods

Fatty foods in normal diets

Protein rich foods

Only important digestible polysaccharide  STARCH An indigestible polysaccharide that aids in elimination  CELLULOSE

Found in vegetables and fruits and used as co-enzymes  VITAMINS Include copper, iron, and sodium  MINERALS