13 Changes on the Western Frontier Cultures Clash on the Prairie QUIT 13 C H A P T E R Changes on the Western Frontier CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE SECTION 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie SECTION 2 Settling on the Great Plains GRAPH MAP SECTION 3 Farmers and the Populist Movement VISUAL SUMMARY

13 Changes on the Western Frontier HOME 13 C H A P T E R Changes on the Western Frontier CHAPTER OBJECTIVE To analyze the settlement of the Great Plains during the late 1800s and to examine Native American policies, private property rights, and the Populist movement

13 Changes on the Western Frontier I N T E R A C T HOME 13 C H A P T E R Changes on the Western Frontier I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y It is the late 1890s. The American West is the last frontier. Ranchers, cowboys, and miners have changed forever the lives of the Native Americans who hunted on the Western plains. Now westward fever intensifies as “boomers” rush to grab “free” farm land with the government’s blessing. What do you expect to find on settling in the West? Examine the Issues • What might be some ways to make a living on the Western frontier? • If native peoples already live in your intended home, how will you co-exist? • How might settlers and Native Americans differ regarding use of the land?

13 Changes on the Western Frontier The United States The World HOME 13 C H A P T E R Changes on the Western Frontier TIME LINE The United States The World 1869 Suez Canal is opened. 1870 Red Cloud, chief of the Oglala Sioux, states his people's case in Washington, D.C. 1872 Secret ballot is adopted in Britain. 1880 James Garfield is elected president. 1881 Garfield is assassinated. Chester Arthur becomes president. 1881 French occupy Tunisia. 1884 Grover Cleveland is elected president. 1889 Oklahoma opened for settlement; the land rush begins. 1890 Sioux are massacred at Wounded Knee. continued . . .

13 Changes on the Western Frontier The United States The World HOME C H A P T E R Changes on the Western Frontier TIME LINE The United States The World 1893 Diminished U.S. gold reserve triggers the panic of 1893. 1893 France takes over Indochina. 1896 William McKinley is elected president. William Jennings Bryan runs for president. 1899 Berlin Conference divides Africa among European nations. 1900 Boxer Rebellion takes place in China.

Cultures Clash on the Prairie S E C T I O N 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie HOME KEY IDEA Pursuit of economic opportunity leads settlers to push westward. Settlers confront established Native American cultures. With the help of cowboys, the cattle industry thrives as the Native American culture of the Great Plains declines. About 1890 the frontier is closed. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Cultures Clash on the Prairie S E C T I O N 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The cattle industry boomed in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declined. Today, ranchers and Plains Indians work to preserve their cultural traditions. TERMS & NAMES • Chisholm Trail • Great Plains • Sitting Bull • Dawes Act • Battle of Wounded Knee • Treaty of Fort Laramie • George A. Custer • assimilation • longhorn • long drive ASSESSMENT

Cultures Clash on the Prairie S E C T I O N 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Provide supporting details about the culture of the Plains Indians in each of the three categories. Culture of the Plains Indians Buffalo and Horse Family Life Beliefs Source of food, clothes, shelter, and transportation Communal property and government; individualism valued Focus on the present; world inhabited by spirits continued . . .

Cultures Clash on the Prairie S E C T I O N 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie HOME ASSESSMENT 2. Why do you think the assimilation policy of the Dawes Act failed? Think About: • the experience of Native Americans such as Zitkala-Sa • the attitudes of many white leaders toward Native Americans • the merits of owning property • the importance of cultural heritage ANSWER Lack of support by the government, abuses of the act by white opportunists, and Native Americans’ lack of interest in private property continued . . .

Cultures Clash on the Prairie S E C T I O N 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie HOME ASSESSMENT 3. What economic opportunities drew large numbers of people to the Great Plains beginning in the mid-1800s? ANSWER Growth of the railroads, the burgeoning cattle industry, and government support of “free land” continued . . .

Cultures Clash on the Prairie S E C T I O N 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie HOME ASSESSMENT 4. Identify the reasons for the rise and the decline of the cattle industry. ANSWER Rise: the seizure of Native American lands; the adaptation of the longhorn to the Plains; the growing demand for beef Decline: overgrazing; bad weather; barbed wire and end of the open plains End of Section 1

Settling on the Great Plains S E C T I O N 2 Settling on the Great Plains GRAPH MAP HOME KEY IDEA The promise of cheap, fertile land draws thousands of settlers westward to seek their fortunes as farmers. Settlers face extreme hardships in taming the land. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Settling on the Great Plains S E C T I O N 2 Settling on the Great Plains GRAPH MAP HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Settlers on the Great Plains transformed the land despite great hardships. The Great Plains region remains the bread basket of the United States. TERMS & NAMES • bonanza farm • Morrill Act • Homestead Act • exoduster • soddy ASSESSMENT

Settling on the Great Plains S E C T I O N 2 Settling on the Great Plains GRAPH MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four events that shaped the settling of the Great Plains. Event One Event Two Event Three Event Four 1862: Homestead Act 1874: Development of barbed wire 1869: Completion of the first transcontinental railroad 1889: Oklahoma land rush continued . . .

Settling on the Great Plains S E C T I O N 2 Settling on the Great Plains GRAPH MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Think About: • the growth in population on the Great Plains • the role of railroads in the economy • the Homestead Act ANSWER Success: Increased miles of railroad track and population helped settle the plains. Failure: Despite the private property rights of homesteaders, only about 10 percent of the land was actually settled by the families for whom it was intended; the railroads subsidized by the government became overly powerful. continued . . .

Settling on the Great Plains S E C T I O N 2 Settling on the Great Plains GRAPH MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Review the changes in technology that influenced the life of settlers on the Great Plains in the late 1800s. Explain how you think settlement of the plains would have been different without these inventions. ANSWER Without technology there would have been more crop dehydration; wandering animals and trampled crops; and crops ruined by inclement weather. continued . . .

Settling on the Great Plains S E C T I O N 2 Settling on the Great Plains GRAPH MAP HOME ASSESSMENT 4. How did the railroads take advantage of farmers? ANSWER Railroads charged plains farmers a higher fee than they did farmers in the East; they charged more for short hauls and forced the farmers deeper into debt. End of Section 2

Farmers and the Populist Movement S E C T I O N 3 Farmers and the Populist Movement HOME KEY IDEA Farmers band together to address their economic problems, giving rise to the Populist movement. Economic troubles lead to clashes over silver or gold as the basis of the monetary system. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Farmers and the Populist Movement S E C T I O N 3 Farmers and the Populist Movement HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Farmers united to address their economic problems, giving rise to the Populist movement. Many of the Populist reform issues, such as income tax and legally protected rights of workers, are now taken for granted. TERMS & NAMES • Farmers’ Alliances • William McKinley • gold standard • William Jennings Bryan • Oliver Hudson Kelley • Grange • Populism • bimetallism ASSESSMENT

Farmers and the Populist Movement S E C T I O N 3 Farmers and the Populist Movement HOME ASSESSMENT 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the causes of the rise of the Populist Party and the effects the party had. Causes Effects Populist Party New ideas that later became law Falling prices for crops Political forum for addressing special interests Inability to repay loans Message of hope to downtrodden Excessive railroad prices continued . . .

Farmers and the Populist Movement S E C T I O N 3 Farmers and the Populist Movement HOME ASSESSMENT 2. What do you think were the most significant factors in bringing an end to the Populist Party? Think About: • monetary policy • third-party status • source of popular support • popular participation policy ANSWER Bryan’s free-silver stand seems to have been most instrumental in bringing about the fall of the populist Party. His stand led gold bug Democrats to nominate their own candidate. It also weakened his support in cities where consumers feared inflation. continued . . .

Farmers and the Populist Movement S E C T I O N 3 Farmers and the Populist Movement HOME ASSESSMENT 3. How did the Grange and the Farmers’ Alliances pave the way for the Populist Party? ANSWER The Grange informed members on issues that affected them. It raised questions on issues that would become the basis of the Populist Party. End of Section 3