 Adverbs are formed by adding ē to the base of a 1 st or 2 nd declension adjective (we only know 1 st and 2 nd declension adjectives at this point!).  How do you form the base of the adjective? Simply remove the –us ending from the 1 st part of the adjective as given in the book.

 Future tense for 3 rd conjugation verbs is formed by adding ē to the present stem of the verb, and then the personal endings. REMEMBER – the ē will become a short e when the –t or –nt ending is added.  EXCEPTION – 1 st person singular will end in –am.

 These 2 groups of verbs form future tense the same way as 3 rd conjugation verbs.  NOTE: There is ONE difference. › There is an i at the end of the stem in every place of the conjugation, before the ē/e and the personal ending.

 Is formed the same way in ALL conjugations! › Formed by adding the –ba- “helping syllable” between the stem and the personal endings. (bam, bās, bat, bāmus, bātis, bant) › NOTE: 2 nd conjugation has a ē stem vowel, so, of course, will have that before the –ba- helping syllable. 3 rd and 4 th conjugation verbs add a ē between stem and personal endings (- ēbam, ēbās, etc.)

 Perfect Tense – amabo › Simple Past - I loved › Present perfect – I have loved › Emphatic past – I did love  Imperfect – amabam › Progressive past – I was loving › Customary past – I used to love, I would love › Repeated past – I kept on loving  Simple past will also work for imperfect

 The subject is being acted upon in this voice. › We previously only knew the active voice, which shows that the subject is doing the action.  Present, imperfect and future tenses of the passive voice are formed like the active voice, but they use a different set of endings.

-r-mur -ris-mini -tur-ntur

 Transitive verbs have a direct object. The action of those verbs ‘transfers’ to the D.O. Ex: Equum amo.  Intransitive verbs do not have a D.O. Many intransitive verbs are followed by a prepositional phrase. Ex: In aquam ambulo. For the most part, only transitive verbs work in the passive voice.

 If the subject is being acted upon in a passive voice sentence, who is doing the ‘acting’? That would be the agent, shown by a noun with an ablative ending. The football is being thrown by the quarterback. Who is throwing the football? The quarterback is throwing the football (hey, that’s a sentence in the active voice!). Typically, the D.O. in an active voice sentence becomes the agent in a passive voice sentence.

 Latin UseEnglish  No prep. Meansby, with, by means of  Cum Accompanimentwith  ā/abAgentby