AS Level Anatomy and Physiology Joints AS Level Anatomy and Physiology

By the end of today’s lesson you will understand: Lesson Outcomes By the end of today’s lesson you will understand: The 6 main types of synovial joints The structure of synovial joints The type of movement joints can perform

Synovial joints Freely moveable Found in the appendicular skeleton Structure There are several important structures common to all synovial joints…

Structure and Function of Synovial Joints (Important!) FOUR features Articular/Hyaline Cartilage Smooth cartilage at the end of bones at the joint Two-Layered Joint Capsule Outer Layer – Tough fibrous capsule Inner Layer – Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid Slippery fluid in joint capsule (like egg white!) Ligament A band of strong fibrous tissue Structure Structure Structure Structure

Structure and Function of Synovial Joints (Important!) FOUR Functions Articular/Hyaline Cartilage Prevent friction between articulating bones Two-Layered Joint Capsule Outer Layer – Strengthen joint Inner Layer – To secrete synovial fluid Synovial Fluid Reduce friction between articular cartilages Nourish articular cartilage Rid the joint of waste Ligament To connect one bone to another

Types of Synovial Joint There are six main types of synovial joint found in the body Can you name them and give examples?

The 6 Types Hinge Knee, Elbow Condyloid Wrist Gliding Articulating surfaces of the vertebrae Pivot Radio-ulna, atlas/axis Ball and Socket Shoulder, Hip Saddle Thumb

Movements at Joints All movements start from the anatomical position (AP) – see picture of skeleton Flexion – movement forward from AP (except knee joint) Extension – movement backward from AP (except knee joint)

TASK Practice these movements for the following joints…. Wrist, elbow, shoulder, spine, hip, knee Info: The knee joint is the only exception where flexion moves backwards and extension moves forwards

Abduction – movement away from midline of body Occurs at wrist, shoulder, hip Adduction – movement towards midline of body Rotation and circumduction – what is the difference? To recognise the difference: Rotation: the long axis of the moving part would draw a dot if a pen was held at the end Circumduction: the pen would draw a circle

Specialist Movements Supination – radio-ulna joint – palms up Pronation – radio-ulna joint – palms down Dorsi-flexion – ankle joint – toes up Plantar-flexion – ankle joint – toes down Point to the floor Practise these movements then complete worksheet 1.3 (labelling an upper/lower joint)

Homework! Complete the crossword Hint For 3 down the pelvis is also called the illium!