Sustainable Chemistry and Industrial Ecology T.E. Graedel Yale University

The Chemical Industry Approach to Chemistry and the Sustainable Enterprise: “Responsibility” (Responsible Care, Responsibility Reports, etc.)

The Chemical Industry Vision of “Responsible” Inputs Cheap Community interactions Cordial Emissions Low Products Lots and lots

GlaxoSmithKline CO 2 Emissions

GlaxoSmithKline VOC Emissions

The Chemical Industry Vision of “Responsible” Inputs Cheap Community interactions Cordial Emissions Low Products Lots and lots

Expanding the Scope of Responsible Action

xx MH5M1430N 2 29 Materials Preparation Materials Preparation Virgin Materials Extraction Discard Refurbish? ShipPackage Stages of the Life-Cycle Customer Use Reactant #2 Mfr. Reactant #1 Mfr. Product Mfr.

Sludge (treated) Liquid Fertilizer Farms Cement; roads Fish farming Water Fly ash Heat Scrubber Sludge Gas Steam Sulfur A-S Bioteknisk Jordrens Sludge Steam Cooling water Statoil Refinery Lake Tissø Gas Waste water Yeast slurry Recovered nickel and vanadium Kalundborg, DK: Industrial Symbiosis Pathways Asnaes Power Station Pharmaceutical Municipality of Kalundborg District heating Wall-board Plant

Responsible Action may not equal Sustainability

Sustainability - Meeting the needs of people living on Earth while nurturing and restoring the planet’s life support systems - Board on Sustainable Development, 1999

What is it that we want to sustain? For whom? For how long?

What should be sustained? Environmental scientists: Earth systems Ecologists: Ecological systems Economists: Earth products (ores, minerals) Humanists: Human systems

What does the chemical industry want to sustain? The right to operate Feedstocks Suppliers (process equipment, catalysts, etc.) Customers

Sustainability Challenge #1 Everything is connected to everything else, so sustainability is a group project

From Customer To Customer Various Process And Product Reuse Options METAL MINING METAL SMELTING & REFINING METAL FABRICATION NATURAL GAS EXTRACTION COAL MINING POWER GENERATION PLASTICS FABRICATION PRODUCT ASSEMBLY PACKAGING & SHIPPING RECYCLING INORGANIC MINERAL EXTRACTION INORGANIC CHEMICALS, SAND & GLASS SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS ELECTRONIC FABRICATION PETROLEUM REFINING, PETROCHEMICALS PETROLEUM EXTRACTION EXTRACTIONMATERIAL PROCESSING INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT MFR. IfINAL PRODUCT MFR. PRODUCT DELIVERY The Sector Sequence AGRICULTURE FOOD PROCESSING FOREST PRODUCTS CONSTRUCTION TEXTILES

Sustainability Challenge #2 In most cases, the limits we are approaching remain uncertain

Lake Powell, CO before and after drought

Sustainability Challenge #3 Notwithstanding our difficulties in determining limits, there are increasing signs that our society and the planet is approaching limits

Limits to Feedstocks: Crude Oil Price, $/bbl

Limits to Emissions: Melting Glaciers

The Copper Cycle: Studying Human Use of Resources

Year Global Copper Use, (Tg/year)

IMPORT/EXPORT ORE ENVIRONMENT PROCESS- ING FABRICA- TION USE WASTE MGT. IMPORT/EXPORT ORE ENVIRONMENT PROCESS- ING FABRICA- TION USE DISCARD MGT. STAF Project © Yale University 2004

Data Sources Data Archive Databases - UN Comtrade -... Trade Organizations - ICSG -... Personal Contacts - auto industry -... Periodicals - Minerals yearbook -...

Japan Waste Management © STAF Project, Yale University Units: Gg/yr

Japan Copper cycle: One Year Stocks and Flows, 1990s © STAF Project, Yale University Units: Gg/yr

Zambia’s Copper Cycle: One Year Stocks and Flows, 1994 Units: Gg/yr

China’s Copper Cycle: One Year Stocks and Flows, 1994 Units: Gg/yr

Computing Resource Stock in Use: Copper in Cities

Quantifying stock per capita Step 1: Determine content of major reservoirs Typical auto – 21 kg Cu Typical house – 200 kg Cu

Quantifying stock per capita Step 2: Multiply by the number of units in the reservoirs

Copper Stock per capita 170 kg Cu35 kg Cu North AmericaBeijing

Copper Stock and Copper Need 170 kg Cu North AmericaBeijing Global need 1.7 Pg Cu

Limits to Materials: Copper Stock and Copper Supply 170 kg Cu35 kg Cu North AmericaBeijing Global need Global resource 1.7 Pg Cu 1.6 Pg Cu

Final Thoughts “Responsible” action is a good thing Sustainability demands a broader perspective, and probably more effort, than responsible action The quantification of sustainability is a work in progress