Mi’kmaq: Economic Structure Identify examples of how the society used the land Dug large round ponds for farming freshwater fish Hunted the land Used resources from the land to build homes (poles/sheets of bark) Gathered fruit, wild vegetables, bark and roots for food and medicines Farmed land Did not change the land to suit their needs; they fit their way of life to the opportunities the land afforded

Mi’kmaq: Economic Structure continued Identify examples of technologies the society used Split-wood baskets Snowshoes Toboggans Wigwam (portable home) Canoes for river and ocean travel 4m long Wove mattresses from evergreen branches Harpoons Mikmaq boxes – used porcupine needles to help make it.

Anishnabe: Economic Structure Identify examples of how the society used the land. Fished Collected berries Farmed the land Grew wild rice in marshes Hunted the land Made Maple syrup

Anishinabe: Economic Structure continued Identify examples of technologies the society used Snowshoes Had tools to collect and skim maple syrup Canoes built for speed (long & narrow) Fire to bend/shape arrows Harpoons Nets for fishing Tobaggans Tools to get the wild rice (wooden rods) Moccasins

Haudenosaunee: Economic Structure Identify examples of how the society used the land. Fished Collected berries Farmed the land Hunted the land

Haudenosaunee : Economic Structure continued Identify examples of technologies the society used Snowshoes, moccasins, arrows wampum belt Permanent dwellings (longhouses) framed structures and covered with elm bark. They had lots of rooms, but no windows. Sky lights let in light and let out smoke Used fish heads as fertilizer on crops Baskets Tobagans tools for maple syrup

Mi’kmaq: Social Structure - making decisions Identify examples of how the society made decisions Identify examples of the role of women in decision making Identify examples of the role of men in decision making Community held meetings Saqamaw – a leader in Mikmaq society. Chosen and advised by councils of Elders to represent its district. When all districts met they made up the Grand Council Grand Council advised communities how to live, also managed relations with other First Nations Women allowed to sit in on meetings, but had no say in the outcome Men made up the Grand Council, and the Saqamaw

Anishinabe: Social Structure - making decisions Identify examples of how the society made decisions Identify examples of the role of women in decision making Identify examples of the role of men in decision making Clan: Crane, Loon Duty: Leadership The 2 clans worked together to provide balance government They did not always agree, which ensured a careful review of every decision They were treated equally. They became members of his or her father’s clan and among the clans they treated each other like brothers and sisters Clan: Fish Duty: Teaching, scholarship Helped solve disputes between Crane and Loon Clans

Haudenosaunee: Social Structure - making decisions Identify examples of how the society made decisions Identify examples of the role of women in decision making Identify examples of the role of men in decision making Grand Council: Decisions of the confederacy were made by a council of 50 chiefs. These chiefs were the Hoyaneh. Had to follow the Great Law of Peace: set down rules of government, in which each member nation of the confederacy had equal voice and status Women were very powerful especially clan mothers. Clan mothers: female leaders of clans chose and advised the Hoyaneh. If the Hoyaneh failed to perfom duties accorfing to the Great Law of Peace they could replace him Hoyaneh – a Haudenosaunee leader (male). All decision were made by the Hoyaneh but advised by the clan mothers

Examples of How Geography Affected the Identity of the People

How Geography Affected the Identity of the People Mikmaq Seasonal movement: Lived close to the coast in summer for fishing and hunting sea mammals and away from coast, in the forest, in the winter to hunt game Anishinabe Wild rice is a staple food for them. It grows naturally at the edges of lakes on the Canadian Shield Traveled by lakes and rivers so they built canoes for speed and easy handling in rough waters Haudenosaunee Agricultural people: the 3 Sisters: corn, bean, squash Had permanent dwellings (year round)