Barry Wellman, FRSC Jenna Jacobson iSchool, University of Toronto For Taylor & Francis Publishers’ Conference, March 2014, Toronto

There and Back Again The first form of scholarly communication were written documents – letters – and get togethers Like this one Royal Society, th c industrialization of scholarship formalized comm into Scholarly societies Journals Move now to informal direct communication With papers/articles—not journals—unit of communication

The Triple Revolution Three Phenomena Intertwined 1. Social Network: Reach Beyond Tight Groups: More Multiplicity, Partial Attention, Less Boundaries 2. Internet: Personalization, Weakened Distance 3. Mobile-ization of Info & Communication Hyper-Personal Body Appendages: Third Skin Accessible To You Available To Others  Networked Individualism 3

4 Networked Individualism: Person-to-Person Structural Changes Linked as Individuals Less Groupiness More Agency Less Place Bound More Achieved, Less Ascribed

The Societal Turn to the Networked Operating System Turn Away from Bounded Groups & Hierarchies Toward “Networked Individualism” Members of multiple, diversified, loosely connected networks Individual – not workgroup or households – point of contact Rather than two-step flow of communication Media > Interpersonal Many step flow: Interpersonal>Media>Interpersonal>Media

The New Media is The New Neighborhood The lines between info, communication have blurred Geographic location not as important In addition to neighbors, workmates, most info-sharing Transcends spatial & social boundaries Networked individuals can exchange & create media Projecting their voices to more extended audiences that become part of their social worlds

Networked Individualism  Shift from Journal to Article Germs of ideas tweeted Deep thoughts (sic) put on blogs Drafts (& fragments) feverishly circulated by attachments Also announced on list servs “Final” versions on personal websites Despite Elsevier’s best efforts Economic stratification Can universities afford expensive journal sub packages? Can scholars afford paying for Open Access?

How Can Scholars Use Social Media? Publicizing events: Twitter retweets (few go viral) Facebook events, Facebook groups Digital and In-Person Work Together The Sad Case of Book City in Toronto Maintenance of Weak Ties on Social Media I have 4,260 Twitter Followers: Hardly any are True Friends As an ICS editor, I tweet Author, Title, URL of each article

Self-Promotion of My Research “Apologies for Self-Promotion” a dirty English phrase Serializing my Networked book on Twitter 1-2 sentences/day #Networked, p6 “People are not hooked on gadgets, they are hooked on each other” Skype guest lectures to those buying 20 copies Meet-ups with interested scholars at conferences The more you promote in-person, the more you are read in print

MIT Press pp $15

How Can T&F Promote Journals, Articles? Publicize, develop T&F’s guide to tweeting research Put Twitter handles & personal URLs on publication materials Network articles with hyperlinks Inter-publisher would be the best Two-tier publishing Most of us just want key findings, take-aways More, short articles containing the gist (Reader’s Digest) Longer literature, quotes, tables, graphs online only Links to raw data: datasets, codes, experimental designs Foster active conference comm before, during, after ICS special issues from Assoc of Internet Researchers Encourage self-publishing – with links and copyrights Encourage self-comments as well as others’ comments

12 Networked Individual -- Nelu Internet Café, Toronto