Synthetic Biology Part 1: Introduction Input Output Gene A Gene B Gene C 1

micro.magnet.fsu.edu Prokaryotic cell

Cell-Cell communication in prokaryotes on 3

DNA RNA PROTEIN Transcription by RNA polymerase Translation by ribosomes Flow of genetic information 4

DNA structure 5

Gene structure Gene Promoter Coding sequenceTerminator chromosome 6

RNA Transcription start site Promoter Gene structure Terminator 7

Promoter structure 8

bioap.wikispaces.com Transcription 9

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Transcription 11

AUGUGA Ribosome binding site to initiate translation Start codon (first amino acid of the protein) Stop codon (signal to end protein synthesis) = untranslated region 5’3’ mRNA structure 12

Box TATAA -35 Box TTGTCA RNA Core promoter = Binding site for RNA polymerase In this configuration transcription is ON RNA Pol Transcription 13

RNA +1 RNA Pol A A = Activator of transcription bad promoter Transcription 14

box -35 box operator R R = Repressor In this configuration RNA Polymerase cannot bind transcription is OFF X Repression of transcription 15

The lactose operon of E. coli R lacI repressor R -35 O -10 Transcription is OFF Active repressor X Repression of transcription 16

The lactose operon of E. coli R lacI repressor -35 O -10 Transcription is ON Inactive repressor = inducer (lactose) RNA Pol X Induction of gene expression 17

AUGUGA 5’3’ 5’ siRNA Binding of siRNA causes mRNA degradation Translation X Silencing by antisense RNA 18

AUGUGA 5’3’ Ribozymes + aptamer RNA cleavage Repression by mRNA cleavage 19

AUGUGA Ribosome binding site to initiate translation Start codon (first amino acid of the protein) Stop codon (signal to end protein synthesis) = untranslated region 5’3’ mRNA structure 20

Translation 21

brooklyn.cuny.edu The genetic code 22

Protein structure biochem.arizona.edu 23