KIANOOSH MOKHTARIAN SCHOOL OF COMPUTING SCIENCE SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY 6/24/2007 Overview of the Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard
Motivation High heterogeneity among receivers Connection quality Display resolution Processing power
Motivation High heterogeneity among receivers Connection quality Display resolution Processing power Simulcasting
Motivation High heterogeneity among receivers Connection quality Display resolution Processing power Simulcasting Transcoding
Motivation High heterogeneity among receivers Connection quality Display resolution Processing power Simulcasting Transcoding Scalability H.262|MPEG-2, H.263, MPEG-4 Visual
Overview Background Temporal scalability Spatial scalability Quality scalability Conclusion
Background Scalability Temporal Spatial Quality (fidelity or SNR) Object-based and region-of-interest Hybrid
Background Scalability Temporal Spatial Quality (fidelity or SNR) Object-based and region-of-interest Hybrid Applications Encode once, decode many ways Unequal importance + unequal error protection Archiving in surveillance applications
Background Requirements for a scalable video coding technique Similar coding efficiency to single-layer coding Little increase in decoding complexity Support of temporal, spatial, quality scalability Backward compatibility of the base layer Support of simple bitstream adaptations after encoding
Overview Background Temporal scalability Spatial scalability Quality scalability Conclusion
Temporal Scalability Enabled by restricting motion-compensated prediction
Temporal Scalability Enabled by restricting motion-compensated prediction Already provided by H.264/AVC
Temporal Scalability Enabled by restricting motion-compensated prediction Already provided by H.264/AVC Hierarchical prediction structure Pictures of temporal enhancement layers: typically B-pictures Group of Pictures (GoP)
Temporal Scalability: Hierarchical Pred’ Struct’ Dyadic temporal enhancement layers
Temporal Scalability: Hierarchical Pred’ Struct’ Non-dyadic case
Temporal Scalability: Hierarchical Pred’ Struct’ Other flexibilities Multiple reference picture concept of H.264/AVC Reference picture can be in the same layer as the target frame Hierarchical prediction structure can be modified over time
Temporal Scalability: Hierarchical Pred’ Struct’ Adjusting the structural delay
Temporal Scalability: Coding Efficiency Highly dependent on quantization parameters Intuitively, higher fidelity for the temporal base layer pictures How to choose QPs Expensive rate-distortion analysis QP T = QP T High PSNR fluctuations inside a GoP Subjectively shown to be temporally smooth
Temporal Scalability: Coding Efficiency Dyadic hierarchical B-pictures, no delay constraint
Temporal Scalability: Coding Efficiency High-delay test set, CIF 30Hz, 34dB, compared to IPPP
Temporal Scalability: Coding Efficiency Low-delay test set, 365x288, 25-30Hz, 38dB, delay is constrained to be zero compared to IPPP
Temporal Scalability: Conclusion Typically no negative impact on coding efficiency But also significant improvement, especially when higher delays are tolerable Minor losses in coding efficiency are possible when low delay is required
Overview Background Temporal scalability Spatial scalability Quality scalability Conclusion
Spatial Scalability Motion-compensated prediction and intra-prediction in each spatial layer, as for single-layer coding
Spatial Scalability Motion-compensated prediction and intra-prediction in each spatial layer, as for single-layer coding Inter-layer prediction
Spatial Scalability Motion-compensated prediction and intra-prediction in each spatial layer, as for single-layer coding Inter-layer prediction Same coding order for all layers
Spatial Scalability Motion-compensated prediction and intra-prediction in each spatial layer, as for single-layer coding Inter-layer prediction Same coding order for all layers Access units
Spatial Scalability: Inter-Layer Prediction Previous standards Inter-layer prediction by upsampling the reconstructed samples of the lower layer signal Prediction signal formed by: Upsampled lower layer signal Temporal prediction inside the enhancement layer Averaging both
Spatial Scalability: Inter-Layer Prediction Previous standards Inter-layer prediction by upsampling the reconstructed samples of the lower layer signal Prediction signal formed by: Upsampled lower layer signal Temporal prediction inside the enhancement layer Averaging both Lower layer samples not necessarily the most suitable data for inter-layer prediction
Spatial Scalability: Inter-Layer Prediction Previous standards Inter-layer prediction by upsampling the reconstructed samples of the lower layer signal Prediction signal formed by: Upsampled lower layer signal Temporal prediction inside the enhancement layer Averaging both Lower layer samples not necessarily the most suitable data for inter-layer prediction Prediction of macroblock modes and associated motion parameters Prediction of the residual signal
Spatial Scalability: Inter-Layer Prediction A new macroblock type signalled by base mode flag Only a residual signal is transmitted No intra-prediction mode or motion parameter
Spatial Scalability: Inter-Layer Prediction A new macroblock type signalled by base mode flag Only a residual signal is transmitted No intra-prediction mode or motion parameter If the corresponding block in the reference layer is: Intra-coded inter-layer intra prediction The reconstructed intra-signal of the reference layer is upsampled as a predictor Inter-coded inter-layer motion prediction Partitioning data are upsampled, reference indexes are copied, and motion vectors are scaled up
Spatial Scalability: Inter-Layer Prediction Inter-layer motion prediction (for a 16x16, 16x8, 8x16, or 8x8 macroblock partition) Reference indexes are copied Scaled motion vectors are used as motion vector predictors
Spatial Scalability: Inter-Layer Prediction Inter-layer motion prediction (for a 16x16, 16x8, 8x16, or 8x8 macroblock partition) Reference indexes are copied Scaled motion vectors are used as motion vector predictors Inter-layer residual prediction Can be used for any inter-coded macroblock, regardless of its base mode flag or inter-layer motion prediction The residual signal of the reference layer is upsampled as a predictor
Spatial Scalability: Inter-Layer Prediction For a 16x16 macroblock in an enhancement layer: 1 base mode flag 0 Inter-layer intra prediction (samples values are predicted) Inter-layer motion prediction (partitioning data, ref. indexes, and motion vectors are derived) Inter-layer motion prediction (ref. indexes are derived, motion vectors are predicted) No inter-layer motion prediction Inter-layer residual prediction No inter-layer residual prediction
Spatial Scalability: Generalizing Not only dyadic Enhancement layer may represent only a selected rectangular area of its reference layer picture Enhancement layer may contain additional parts beyond the borders of its reference layer picture Tools for spatial scalable coding of interlaced sources
Spatial Scalability: Complexity Constraints Inter-layer intra-prediction is restricted Although coding efficiency is improved by generally allowing this prediction mode Each layer can be decoded by a single motion compensation loop, unlike previous coding standards
Spatial Scalability: Coding Efficiency Comparison to single-layer coding and simulcast Base/enhancement layer at 352x288 / 704x576 Only the first frame is intra-coded Inter-layer prediction (ILP): Intra (I), motion (M), residual (R)
Spatial Scalability: Coding Efficiency Comparison to single-layer coding and simulcast Base/enhancement layer at 352x288 / 704x576 Only the first frame is intra-coded Inter-layer prediction (ILP): Intra (I), motion (M), residual (R)
Spatial Scalability: Coding Efficiency Comparison to single-layer coding and simulcast Base/enhancement layer at 352x288 / 704x576 Only the first frame is intra-coded Inter-layer prediction (ILP): Intra (I), motion (M), residual (R)
Spatial Scalability: Coding Efficiency Comparison of fully featured SVC “single-loop ILP (I, M, R)” to scalable profiles of previous standards “multi-loop ILP (I)”
Spatial Scalability: Encoder Control JSVM software encoder control Base layer coding parameters are optimized for that layer only performance equal to single-layer H.264/AVC
Spatial Scalability: Encoder Control JSVM software encoder control Base layer coding parameters are optimized for that layer only performance equal to single-layer H.264/AVC Not necessarily suitable for an efficient enhancement layer coding
Spatial Scalability: Encoder Control JSVM software encoder control Base layer coding parameters are optimized for that layer only performance equal to single-layer H.264/AVC Not necessarily suitable for an efficient enhancement layer coding Improved multi-layer encoder control Optimized for both layers
Spatial Scalability: Encoder Control QP enhancement layer = QP base layer + 4 Hierarchical B-pictures, GoP size = 16 Bit-rate increase relative to single-layer for the same quality is always less than or equal to 10% for both layers
Overview Background Temporal scalability Spatial scalability Quality scalability Conclusion
Quality Scalability Special case of spatial scalability with identical picture sizes No upsampling for inter-layer predictions Inter-layer intra- and residual-prediction are directly performed in transform domain Different qualities achieved by decreasing quantization step along the layers Coarse-Grained Scalability (CGS) A few selected bitrates are supported in the scalable bitstream Quality scalability becomes less efficient when bitrate difference between CGS layers gets smaller
Quality Scalability: MGS Medium-Grained Scalability (MGS) improves: Flexibility of the stream Packet-level quality scalability Error robustness Controlling drift propagation Coding efficiency Use of more information for temporal prediction
Quality Scalability: MGS MGS: flexibility of the stream Enhancement layer transform coefficients can be distributed among several slices Packet-level quality scalability
Quality Scalability: MGS MGS: error robustness vs. coding efficiency
Quality Scalability: MGS MGS: error robustness vs. coding efficiency Pictures of the coarsest temporal layer are transmitted as key pictures Only for them the base layer picture needs to be present in decoding buffer Re-synchronization points for controlling drift propagation All other pictures use the highest available quality picture of the reference frames for motion compensation High coding efficiency
Quality Scalability: Encoding, Extracting Encoder does not known what quality will be available in the decoder Better to use highest quality references Should not be mistaken with open-loop coding Bitstream extraction based on priority identifier of NAL units assigned by encoder
Quality Scalability: Coding Efficiency BL-/EL-only control: motion compensation loop is closed at the base/enhancement layer 2-loop control: one motion compensation loop in each layer adapt. BL/EL control: use of key pictures
Quality Scalability: Coding Efficiency MGS vs. CGS
Overview Background Temporal scalability Spatial scalability Quality scalability Conclusion
SVC outperforms previous scalable video coding standards Hierarchical B-pictures Inter-layer prediction MGS Key pictures
Thank You Any Questions?
References H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand, “Overview of the scalable video coding extension of the H.264/AVC standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1103–1120, September T.Wiegand, G. Sullivan, J. Reichel, H. Schwarz, and M.Wien, "Joint Draft ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC / Amd.3 Scalable video coding," Joint Video Team, Doc. JVT-X201, July H. Kirchhoffer, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, "CE1: Simplified FGS," Joint Video Team, Doc. JVT-W090, April 2007.