LH Series L-PER (The older blue homer and the larger H-Antenna) Module 8 of CASARA ELT Training Plan

Training Must contact JRCC before activating ELT training unit. Give details. Frequency. Location. Time period. Contact Number. Should contact JRCC and advise when finished.

FUNCTIONAL CHECK The effectiveness of the electronic homer should be confirmed using a hand held radio on the appropriate frequency. PARK AIRCRAFT, VEHICLE IN THE OPEN, AWAY FROM METAL BUILDINGS WARNING! USE OF HIGH-POWER TRANSMITTERS CLOSE TO THE DF ANTENNAE CAN DAMAGE THE UNIT. ELT TESTER SHOULD BE KEPT AT LEAST 50 FEET AWAY FROM THE ANTENNAE WHEN USING TO TEST

Settings For Search When you are searching for a signal. The homer must be set on the proper frequency. 121.5 for Tasking. 123.1 for Training. VOLUME & SENSITIVITY towards the “Maximum” range.

ELT –Mode Switch REC MODE TO DETECT AND MEASURE SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY DF MODE TO FIND DIRECTION OF ELT SIGNAL

Little L-Per How it works

Little L-Per How it works REC Mode only used for Handheld Left side arrows on antenna is used for reference point to find direction of strongest signal Needle indicates signal strength Useful for confirming multiple DF centre Make sure the wooden cross arm is attached with the printing and arrows facing toward you.

ELT Homer-Meter-REC Mode REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH LEFT-WEAK / RIGHT- STRONG

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL METER REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL METER REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL METER REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL METER REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL METER REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL METER REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL METER REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL METER REC MODE MEASURES SIGNAL STRENGTH ONLY

Little L-Per How it works REC mode WEAK SIGNAL STRONG SIGNAL Probable target area Mark your coordinates Take bearing Adjust for magnetic variation Draw line on map

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode Needle points to side with strongest signal. Needle centres with target in front or behind. Functional with very weak signal (you may not hear it). Works well with moving vehicle or aircraft. REC mode is only usable with the handheld H antenna as it relies on the diRECtional effect of the antenna design, and the ability to point the antenna at the target signal. DF is the only effective mode for vehicle or aircraft mounted antennas as the antennas can’t be turned. A moving vehicle gives an averaging effect on the signals which can cancel out some of the errors from reflections, etc.. 18

ELT Homer-Meter-DF Mode DF MODE SHOWS DIRECTION OF ELT SIGNAL LEFT CENTER RIGHT

Handheld DF Use L-Per on DF mode. Find centre (there should be two ) 180 DEGREES APART. More than two centres? Means getting REFLECTIONS. use REC mode. Or move to another location. Take multiple bearings to the target. Triangulate with bearings. Watch for sources of error. Use DF mode to take bearings, REC mode if multiple centres occur (strongest is probably the target) Separate bearings by good distance Use 90 degree roads to box the target and aid triangulation Need a compass Take account of signal strength, low strength may mean you are far away or you are picking up a reflection 20

Resolving DF Ambiguity Turn left or right to tell. Rule of thumb; If needle moves opposite of turn, ELT is in front of you. If needle moves in direction of turn, ELT is behind you. Follow the needle.

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode CENTER

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode LEFT

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode LEFT

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode LEFT

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode CENTER

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode RIGHT

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode RIGHT

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode RIGHT

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode Probable target area CENTER Mark your coordinates Take bearing Adjust for magnetic variation Draw line on map

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode-Situation CENTER

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode-Situation CENTER 2nd-Centre

Little L-Per How it works DF Mode-Reflection CENTER

Little L-Per™ Signal Detected 6 Steps: use the full procedure every time! Turn the unit to RECeive, check proper frequency and volume. Turn the Sensitivity knob to HALF SCALE. This will prevent oversense and is a good starting point.. Turn the unit to DF. Turn at least one FULL circle. Check: Use Turn to Tell: the needle will point toward the target. Use your compass, to get a bearing to the ELT.

ELT search basics Look for obvious target areas near SARSAT hit airports, heliports, depots. Look for high ground. Be at least 20 ft away from vehicles, wires, or other large, conductive objects. Persons other than the operator should be at least 10 feet from the antenna. Take numerous bearings. Box the target or triangulate. Typical actual handled by CASARA Ottawa is false alarm from a/c maintenance, ELT in shipment or similar, therefore targets are usually found at airports. This doesn’t mean that we focus on them but they make good starting points. Given that ELT signals are line of sight the higher you are the more likely you are to get a fix. Obviously homing from the air is the most effective (in most cases). As we will see later, bearings can be confused by the environment so take many bearings and use an average of results. In the case of searching with a quad on a ground vehicle staying on the move should give the best results (the motion averages the results). Try to box the target, this is mainly a consideration for ground searches, but also works well in the air. Find the point at which you pass the target then turn towards it at 90 degrees, until you pass it again, thus giving a clear indication of target location. 35

Radio Direction Finding Two methods of RDF Triangulation (signal strength, bearing) Homing (signal strength and direction) 36

Triangulation Best method for ground personnel to get an accurate fix when search aircraft support is unavailable

Triangulation-Taking Bearings Make sure that nothing magnetic is affecting your compass…like the hood of a car where the chart has been laid out. You must be able to receive the signal. Center up DF unit on the signal. Take the magnetic bearing (shoot an azimuth). Correct for magnetic variation. Plot your bearing (draw a line) on map. Move to another location and repeat the above steps. The ELT should be where the bearing lines cross.

Triangulation - REC Mode Reference to point of Strongest signal indication 39

Triangulation - DF Mode Reference To direction of signal Needle centered 40

Triangulation - DF Mode ELT

Triangulation-DF Mode

Here Are Your Six Steps Again: REC HALF DF CENTER TURN BEARING

Note re choice between LH and LL-16 When both LH Little Lper ( Blue 1973 analog model ) and LL-16 Little Lper ( Orange 2006  digital model ) are available and serviceable, LL16 should be used during SAR DF tasking. This is because the Orange LL-16 is an improved model and provides more information, such as a numbered signal strength and a 4 way indication to the signal source.

Are there any questions?

“THAT OTHERS MAY LIVE” CASARA THANK YOU