Circulation and Immunity

Cardiovascular System  The system consisting of the heart, blood vessels and blood that circulates through the body.

Cardiovascular System  The human circulatory system performs four key functions.  It transports and delivers oxygen and nutrients (e.g. minerals, vitamins, and glucose) to the body’s cells in exchange for carbon dioxide and wastes.  It transports chemical messengers, such as hormones throughout the body.  It distributes heat  It defends against disease  The human circulatory system performs four key functions.  It transports and delivers oxygen and nutrients (e.g. minerals, vitamins, and glucose) to the body’s cells in exchange for carbon dioxide and wastes.  It transports chemical messengers, such as hormones throughout the body.  It distributes heat  It defends against disease

Cardiac Output  Cardiac Output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, which is equal to the product of stroke volume and heart rate.

Average Values  The average human male pumps out 70mL of blood per beat (60 mL for females) with an average resting heart rate is around 72 beats per minute.

Example Question  A typical human male has a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat and a resting heart rate of 72 beats per minute.  A. Calculate the cardiac out put. Express your answer in litres per minute.  B. Calculate the volume of blood that would be pumped in one day based upon the cardiac output.  A typical human male has a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat and a resting heart rate of 72 beats per minute.  A. Calculate the cardiac out put. Express your answer in litres per minute.  B. Calculate the volume of blood that would be pumped in one day based upon the cardiac output.

Example Question  A typical human male has a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat and a resting heart rate of 72 beats per minute.  A. Calculate the cardiac out put. Express your answer in litres per minute.  Solution.  Stroke volume = 70 mL/beat  70 mL x 1/1000mL = L/beat  A typical human male has a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat and a resting heart rate of 72 beats per minute.  A. Calculate the cardiac out put. Express your answer in litres per minute.  Solution.  Stroke volume = 70 mL/beat  70 mL x 1/1000mL = L/beat

Example Question  A typical human male has a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat and a resting heart rate of 72 beats per minute.  Solution.  Cardiac output (stroke volume)x(heart rate)  =(0.070 L/beat)x 72 (beats/min) = 5.04 L/min  In one day 5.04 L/min x 1440 min/day  = L = 7.3 x 10 3 L/day  A typical human male has a stroke volume of 70 mL per beat and a resting heart rate of 72 beats per minute.  Solution.  Cardiac output (stroke volume)x(heart rate)  =(0.070 L/beat)x 72 (beats/min) = 5.04 L/min  In one day 5.04 L/min x 1440 min/day  = L = 7.3 x 10 3 L/day

Heart Diagram

Blood Flow

Heart Beat  Diastole - the phase of the heart’s cycle where a chamber of the heart, either an atrium or a ventricle, relaxes and fills with blood. Semilunar valves closed - “dub” sound produced  Systole - the phase of the heart’s cycle when the ventricles contract to eject blood from within the chamber. AV vales closed - “lub” sound produced.  Diastole - the phase of the heart’s cycle where a chamber of the heart, either an atrium or a ventricle, relaxes and fills with blood. Semilunar valves closed - “dub” sound produced  Systole - the phase of the heart’s cycle when the ventricles contract to eject blood from within the chamber. AV vales closed - “lub” sound produced.

Heart Beat

Factors Affecting Heart Rate  Emotions ie. Fear anxiety  External temperature. Hotter = Higher HR  Activity level.  Age. Older you get the lower your max HR  Fitness level.  Medical conditions.  Emotions ie. Fear anxiety  External temperature. Hotter = Higher HR  Activity level.  Age. Older you get the lower your max HR  Fitness level.  Medical conditions.

Target Hear Rate for Exercise  Your maximum heart rate is approximately your age. Target Heat Rates Personal Health Goal% of Max Heart Rate Maintain fitness level % Increase fat burning of weight loss % Increase cardiovascular endurance %