models 1/22 Broadbent Geoffrey (1973). Design in Architecture: architecture and the human sciences, John Wiley and Sons, London E = mc 2

what is a model ? ● a representation ● an analogy ● Spenser ● transport systems/blood 2/22

why model ? 3/22

4/22 model describes usefulness theory explains

what do we model ? things processes stir add milk add chocolate 5/22

characteristics of models ●not complete 1:1 mapping ●want to focus on certain aspects ●different views of same thing 6/22

types of models iconic analogue symbolic

iconic model ●‘look’s like what it represents ●specific relationship to what it represents ●e.g. scale – down or up ●can never share all properties 8/22

9/22 iconic model

analogue model ●iconic model not convenient ●properties of a different kind ●economy - bath 10/22

analogue model

12/22 symbolic model ● abstract ● uses symbols ●words, numbers, variables, graphical ● can handle large complex descriptions

12/22 symbolic model E = mc 2 y = x 2 + 4x + 2 words, words, words $$$

computers use symbolic models 14/22 must use a formal model

not always clear 15/22

variables 16/22 ●quantitative - qualitative ●temperature - comfort ●evaluation ●prediction

model building ●what has to be modelled ●select kind of model for purpose ●decide on components ●test and validate 17/22

model building 18/22 if model not adequate then results will not match reality

model building 19/22 ●model must represent all variables ●if something missing - distortion ●all variables must be relevant ●not just because data available ●be aware of distortions ● use of different materials ● be careful of data entered ●G I GO

logic models 20/22 reasoning not computation

logic models ●deduction ●(a, a  b)  (b) ●induction ●(a, b)  (a  b) ●abduction ●(b, a  b)  p(a) 21/22

logic and design deduction induction abduction 22/22 logic design analysis learning synthesis