Crime, sentencing and rehabilitation in Europe Santiago Redondo Nina Frerich University of Barcelona, Spain

European countries: 3 interrelated topics Crime in past years: –Victimization-fear of crime –Evolution Sentencing: present incarceration Treatment applications Conclusions

Pessimistic populations Realistic Optimistic South/Central/East: -Low/moderate victimization -High insecurity perception Norht/Central Europe: -Moderate/higher victimization -Low insecurity perception

Victimization rates for 10 crimes (damage/theft vehicles, burglary, theft, robbery, violence, sex crimes) Europe / U.K Increases Estonia Decreases Holland Decreases Denmark Decreases Switzerland Increases Belgium Increases Sweden Decreases Norway Increases Poland Decreases Germany Decreases Finland Decreases Italy Decreases France Decreases Austria Decreases Portugal Decreases Spain Decreases

Prison population rates in Europe (2013) The rate of each country reflects the number of prisoners per hundred thousand inhabitants. The countries have been divided into four territorial and sociocultural regions (Nordic countries, Central Europe, Mediterranean, and Eastern Europe). The average rate of incarceration (r) is presented for each region. (Source: compiled from information published by the International Centre for Prison Studies, University of Essex: Mediterranean r= 133 Mediterranean r= 133 Central European r= 98 Central European r= 98 Nordic countries r= 63 Nordic countries r= 63 Eastern Europe r= 210 Eastern Europe r= 210

Percentage of foreign prisoners in different European countries (2013). Next to each country the respective overall population is included (in brackets) its overall prison population. (Source: compiled from information published by the International Centre for Prison Studies, University of Essex:

Rehabilitation programs in European countries ( )(Source: Redondo & Frerich, 2013) Review and N programs/comparisonsTreatment strategiesEffect size (r) DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF OFFENDERS Lösel et al. (1987): 16Socio-therapeutic prison Redondo et al. (1997, 1999): 57, 32Different strategies//Behavioral and CB Grietens & Hellinckx (2003): 5 meta- analyses Behavioral and CB Tong & Farrington (2006)R & R.14 Killias & Villetaz (2008)Non-custodial sentences (vs. custodial)Less recidivism JUVENILE DELINQUENTS Redondo et al. (2002): 23Different strategies.21 Lösel & Beelmann (2003): 135Social skills trainingImprove Garrido et al. (2006): 30 experimentsCB.07 Koehler et al. (2012): 25Behavioral and CB.16 MENTALLY ILL AND DRUG-ADDIC OFFENDERS Duncan et al. (2006): 20; Holloway et al. (2006): 28 Different strategies SEX OFFENDERS Lösel & Schmucker (2005, 2008): 80CB Therapy and others37% recidivism reduction

The price of Justice Social and monetary costs Iatrogenic effects of imprisonment: Prisonization Cost-beneficts of prison and alternatives/treatment

Conclusions 1.No direct relation: actual crime-fear to crime 2.Stronger criminal policies (imprisonment) r fear of crime 3.Positive in Europe: treatment applications and research 4.More promotion of rehabilitation policies vs imprisonment