Test-tube or keyboard? Computation in the life sciences.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Lecture 44 Prof Duncan Shaw. Recombinant DNA technology First technical breakthrough in medical genetics was chromosome analysis in 1950s Second is recombinant.
Advertisements

Genetic Susceptibility Can we identify cells, individuals or subpopulations that are genetically susceptible to radiation?
Uses of Genomic Information in the Diagnosis of Disease
LESSON 1: What is Genetic Research? PowerPoint slides to accompany Using Bioinformatics : Genetic Research.
AP Biology Teaching Biology Through Bioinformatics Real world genomics research in your classroom Kim B. Foglia Division Ave. High School Levittown.
By: Alex & Sophie BIOCHEMIST & BIOPHYSICIST. Closely related to medical scientists, biochemists and biophysicists study living organisms at the molecular.
Introduction to Genomics, Bioinformatics & Proteomics Brian Rybarczyk, PhD PMABS Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill.
Overview of Basic Genetic Science Dr. Mike Dougherty Department of Biology Hampden-Sydney College.
Human Molecular Genetics Section 14–3
From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT.
Bioinformatics Jan Taylor. A bit about me Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Computer Science, Computational Biology Multivariate statistics Machine learning.
KEY CONCEPT Genetics provides a basis for new medical treatments.
LO: Be able to describe what gene therapy is and how it could be used.
 The direct manipulation of an organisms genome using biotechnology  New DNA is inserted into a host genome  Host organism transcribes and translates.
TAKS Objective 2 TEKS 6C (Mutations)
Cancer : A Genetic Disease Drill: 1.Write down 1 thing you know about the disease. 2.What would you most like to learn about cancer / What question would.
LEQ: WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF DNA TECHNOLOGY & THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT? to
Biotechnology SB2.f – Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine and agriculture.
Genetic screening. What the spec says about “medical diagnosis” The use of labelled DNA probes and DNA hybridisation to locate specific genes. Once located,
DNA MICROARRAYS WHAT ARE THEY? BEFORE WE ANSWER THAT FIRST TAKE 1 MIN TO WRITE DOWN WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT GENE EXPRESSION THEN SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS IN GROUPS.
HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS Lecture Genetic testing Genetic tests are now available for hundreds of disorders. Parents can find out if they carry defective.
A brief Introduction to Bioinformatics Y. SINGH NELSON R. MANDELA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF TELEHEALTH Content licensed under.
Slide 1 of 24 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
14.3. Human DNA analysis Alleles can be tested for Beneficial for parents who think offspring might have Tay-Sachs or cystic fibrosis.
What is Genetic Research?. Genetic Research Deals with Inherited Traits DNA Isolation Use bioinformatics to Research differences in DNA Genetic researchers.
What is Biotechnology? “a collection of technologies that use living cells and/or biological molecules to solve problems and make useful products”
MPL Identification of alternative spliced mRNA variants related to cancers by genome-wide ESTs alignment KIM DAE SOO Oncogene Apr.
The Importance of DNA to Biology Nathan Money 2 nd period August 3, 2011 Watson & Crick with their DNA model in 1953.
Biological Signal Detection for Protein Function Prediction Investigators: Yang Dai Prime Grant Support: NSF Problem Statement and Motivation Technical.
Overview of Bioinformatics 1 Module Denis Manley..
A Guide to the Natural World David Krogh © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 13 Lecture Outline Passing on Life’s Information: DNA Structure and Replication.
Genes and Genomic Datasets. DNA compositional biases Base composition of genomes: E. coli: 25% A, 25% C, 25% G, 25% T P. falciparum (Malaria parasite):
KEY CONCEPT Biotechnology relies on cutting DNA at specific places.
 DNA Microarray. What is DNA Microarray?  DNA Microarray allows scientists to perform an experiment on thousands of genes at the same time.
KEY CONCEPT Genetics provides a basis for new medical _____________.
Genetics Review Honors Human Anatomy & Physiology Mr. Mazza
What is... Gene Therapy?. Genes Specific sequence of bases that encode instructions on how to make genes. Genes are passed on from parent to child. When.
The Future of Genetics Research Lesson 7. Human Genome Project 13 year project to sequence human genome and other species (fruit fly, mice yeast, nematodes,
Bioinformatics Dipl. Ing. (FH) Patrick Grossmann
Unit 1 – Living Cells.  The study of the human genome  - involves sequencing DNA nucleotides  - and relating this to gene functions  In 2003, the.
Notes: Human Genome (Right side page)
Higher Human Biology Unit 1 Human Cells KEY AREA 5: Human Genomics.
The Human Genome Project By John and Tish. What is the Human Genome Project?  The Human Genome Project was a 13 year long international project from.
Chapter 13 Section 13.3 The Human Genome. Genomes contain all the information needed for an organism to grow and survive The Human Genome Project (HGP)
13-1 OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY HOW SELECTIVE BREEDING IS USED COMPARE AND CONTRAST INBREEDING AND HYBRIDIZATION USE A PUNNETT SQUARE TO PERFORM A TEST CROSS.
Looking Within Human Genome King abdulaziz university Dr. Nisreen R Tashkandy GENOMICS ; THE PIG PICTURE.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
Biotechnology.
Gene therapy.
Biomedical Therapies Foundation Standard 1: Academic Foundation
Human Cells Human genomics
New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA.
14-3 Human Molecular Genetics
By charles epigenetics.
KEY CONCEPT Genetics provides a basis for new medical treatments.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
KEY CONCEPT Genetics provides a basis for new medical treatments.
Warm Up Prepare to text your responses. Mrs. Lloyd’s code:
KEY CONCEPT Genetics provides a basis for new medical treatments.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
KEY CONCEPT Genetics provides a basis for new medical treatments.
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
What is Biotechnology? “a collection of technologies that use living cells and/or biological molecules to solve problems and make useful products”
KEY CONCEPT Genetics provides a basis for new medical treatments.
Human Genome Project, Gene Therapy, and Cloning
KEY CONCEPT Entire genomes are sequenced, studied, and compared.
KEY CONCEPT Genetics provides a basis for new medical treatments.
Presentation transcript:

Test-tube or keyboard? Computation in the life sciences

A new cancer has been found It has a genetic component o if one of your parents or grandparents developed it, you are much more likely to develop it But, its inheritance is complex o Some people develop it without having affected parents YOU'RE A MEDICAL RESEARCHER Q. WHAT DO YOU DO?

What do you do? 1. Identify the genetic cause of the disease What changes in the DNA cause the cancer to develop? 2. Identify how and why the disease develops What is the mechanism of the disease? 3. Develop a therapy Can we develop drugs to stop the disease?

1. Identifying the genetic cause of the disease Genetics, Statistics and Computers

Identify the genetic cause of the disease Q. What genetic differences are there between people with the disease and people without? A. Unfortunately, lots People vary a lot - around 0.1% of their DNA is different on average. That's ~6,000,000 differences Of course, this depends on a lot of things - mostly, how related you are.

Identify the genetic cause of the disease Q. How much DNA in a human? A. Unfortunately, lots Q. How much DNA do you need to look at? A. All of it. Q. What are we looking for, exactly? A. Probably one tiny change...

Identify the genetic cause of the disease Q. So how do we find the causative mutation(s)? A. Look at the DNA of lots of people with, and lots of people without, the disease. Then use some complex computational statistics. For complex diseases like cancer you need to look at thousands of people. And you need to analyse at least 1,000,000 different locations in their DNA

2. Identifying how and why the disease develops Molecular Biology, Physiology, Chemistry and Computers

Identify how & why the disease develops What does the identified gene do? Can we come up with some ideas about why it might cause cancer if it stopped working properly? Genes produce RNA, which in turn produces proteins, which are the 'workers' of the cell

Identify how & why the disease develops Q. What protein does the gene produce? Do we know what it does? What does it do in other species? Protein structure databases Human Genome Project

Identify how & why the disease develops Now we have some idea of what the normal gene does. Q. What does the mutated gene do? 1.What does the mutation do to the protein produced by the gene? 2.What does the mutation do to the other genes and proteins in an affected cell? 3.What effect does the mutation have on the overall system/cell?

Identify how & why the disease develops What does the mutation do to the protein produced by the gene? Computational chemistry: Molecular modelling and molecular dynamics

Identify how & why the disease develops What does the mutation do to the other genes and proteins in an affected cell? One gene can affect many others We can measure changes that result from the mutation by looking at the genes that are turned on in cells that have the mutation and comparing to normal cells Typically, we end up with large datasets that need complex processing...

A bioinformatics success story Dec 2009: Lung and melanoma cancer genomes sequenced at the Sanger Centre, UK "In the case of the lung cancer patient, scientists discovered 23,000 mutations that were exclusive to the diseased cells. Almost all were caused by the 60 or so chemicals in cigarette smoke that stick to DNA and deform it. "We can say that one mutation is fixed in the genome for every 15 cigarettes smoked," said bioinformatics head Peter Campbell"

Identify how & why the disease develops What changes to the biological system develop as a result of the mutation? For instance, what effect is there on the genetic networks that result in cancer? Systems and Physiology Modelling

3. Developing a therapy Chemistry, pharmacology and computers

Developing a therapy 1.How can we interrupt/replace/somehow fix the defective protein? 2.Can we design a drug that will bind to the defective protein and stop it doing what it does? In silico drug screening and drug design