Modern Philosophy PART FOUR

David Hume Background  General Background  Life & Writings  Other publications & career  Goals  Motivation  Goal

David Hume Epistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Ideas  Ideas  Perceptions  Impressions  Ideas  Creative power of the mind  Association of Ideas  Atomism  Association

David Hume Epistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Ideas  Relations of Ideas & Matters of Fact  Division  Relation of Ideas  Matters of Facts  The Gap

David Hume Epistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Causation  Goal  External Objects  No idea of necessary connection  Internal Impressions  Introduction  Mind-Body problem  Voluntary control  The process is unknown  The power is unknown

David Hume Epistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Causation  Unintelligibility  Causes  Extraordinary Phenomena  Philosophers  No Necessary Connection  Position  Single Instances  Mind & Body  No Connection  Conclusion

David Hume Epistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Causation  Experience & the Origin of the Idea  Experience & Foretelling  Origin of Idea  Billiard ball example  Cause & effect  First definition of “cause”  Second definition of “cause”  Problems with the definitions  Example of the problems: vibrations

David Hume Epistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of Causation  Customs & Conclusion  Custom  Distant times & places  Infinite Regress  Conclusion

David Hume Skepticism Regarding the Senses  The Sense & Objects  Questions  Why do we attribute continued existence?  Why do we suppose distinct existence?  Senses & continued existence  Senses & distinct existence  Self & Objects  Intent  External existence  We do not perceive our body  Sounds, tastes, etc.  Sight does not inform us of distance immediately

David Hume Skepticism Regarding the Senses  Philosophers & the Vulgar  Three types of impressions  Primary  Secondary  Pains & pleasures  Reason  Contrary conclusions  Imagination  Vividness & involuntariness

David Hume Skepticism Regarding the Senses  Constancy, Coherence, Cause & Effect  Motivation  Constancy  Coherence & Constancy  Difference between external & internal impressions  The room, porter & letter example.  Reasoning from coherence vs. reasoning from cause & effect  Regularity in perceptions  Imagination in perceptions

David Hume Skepticism Regarding the Senses  Constancy  Continued existence  Distinct existence  Neither an Independent nor Continued Existence  Experience  Experiments  Additional confirmation of dependence

David Hume Skepticism Regarding the Senses  Philosophic & Vulgar Systems  The philosophic system  Hume’s criticism  First part of the proposition  Philosophical as palliative remedy  Second part of the proposition  Philosophical has the difficulties of the vulgar  Explanation of the connection

David Hume Skepticism Regarding the Senses  Double Existence  Reason & natural impulses  Psychology of double existence  Opinions  Another advantage  Results  First particular  Second particular  Hume’s results  Illusions & problems  Skeptical doubt

David Hume Personal Identity  Preliminaries  Other philosophers  Hume  Disagreement  Bundles & Persons  Bundles & Change  The mind is a kind of theater

David Hume Personal Identity  Identities & Relations  Identity  Relations  Resemblance & Memory  Causation & Analogy to a Commonwealth  Concern, Memory and Conclusion  Concern  Memory  Criticism  Conclusion

David Hume Ethical Theory  Introduction  Work  Science  Moral Judgments  Knowledge  Ethics & Relations of Ideas  Hume’s criticism  Ethics & matters of fact  Passions & morality  Moral sentiment

David Hume Ethical Theory  Moral Rules  Sources of moral rules  Social utility  Sympathy  Benevolence

David Hume Philosophy of Religion: Existence of God  Skepticism  Introduction  Reason  Causation  Rejection of design

David Hume Philosophy of Religion: Existence of God  Five Problems  Intro  Finite effect  Imperfect universe  Improvement  Multiple gods  Physical being

David Hume Philosophy of Religion: Agnosticism  Religion  Personal views  Boswell  Causation  Miracles  Intelligence  The mystery passage

David Hume Results  Skepticism & Practicality  Skeptical results  Hume’s conclusion  Mitigated skepticism  Skepticism

Immanuel Kant Background  Background  Personal information  Contributions  Philosophical Motivations & Goals  Leibnizian rationalism  Assumptions  First Goal: clarification of the foundations of science  Experience  Second Goal: Resolve the conflict between science & religion, morality and freedom.  Third Goal: Deal with the crisis in metaphysics

Immanuel Kant Theory of Knowledge  Critical Philosophy  Critiques  “Copernican” revolution  Reality  Varieties of judgment  Analytic judgments  Synthetic judgments  A priori knowledge  A posteriori knowledge

Immanuel Kant Theory of Knowledge  Analytic a priori  Analytic a posteriori  Synthetic a posteriori  Synthetic a priori  Mathematics  Geometry  Goal: how synthetic a priori judgments are possible in math, physics, and morality.

Immanuel Kant Theory of Knowledge  The Transcendent Method  Rejection of empiricism  The transcendent method  Space & time  Space  Time  Mathematics

Immanuel Kant Theory of Knowledge  Categories of the Understanding  Knowledge from sensibility & understanding  Knowledge is from sensibility& understanding in tandem  Concepts

Immanuel Kant Theory of Knowledge  12 a priori concepts  Quantity: unity, plurality, totality  Quality: reality, negation, limitation  Modality: possibility-impossibility, existence-non- existence, necessity-contingency  Response to Humean Skepticism  Hume’s skepticism  Kant & Substance  Kant & causation  Kant’s subjective-objective distinction

Immanuel Kant Theory of Knowledge  Theory of Experience  Unity & Experience  Synthesis  Synthesis of apprehension in intuition  Synthesis of reproduction in imagination  Synthesis of recognition in a concept  Concepts

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics  Phenomena & Noumena  Introduction  Phenomena  Noumena  Difficulties

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics  Transcendent Illusions of Metaphysics  Third Faculty: Reason  Transcendental ideas  Self  Cosmos  God  Problem: application of categories beyond borders

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics  The Self  The self  No impression of self  Empirical self  Transcendental self  The self of psychology

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics  The Cosmos  The cosmos  The failure of reason  The antimonies  First  The world has a beginning in time & occupies finite space  The world has no temporal beginning & is spatially & temporally infinite

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics  Second  All things can be analyzed into basic components  Nothing can be analyzed into basic components  Third  Some events are free and not determined  No events are free and all events are determined  Fourth  A necessary being exists  There is no necessary being

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics  The argument  Kant’s resolution  God  Introduction  The ontological argument  Kant’s first refutation of the ontological argument  Kant’s second refutation of the ontological argument  The cosmological argument  The teleological argument  Conclusion

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics  Pure Reason  Theology & metaphysics  Legitimate use  What does it mean?

Immanuel Kant Metaphysics  Pure Reason  Theology & metaphysics  Legitimate use  What does it mean?

Kantian Ethics Introduction  Introduction  Theoretical Reason  Practical Reason  Ethical Works  Emphasis  Rationalism 38

Categorical imperative Immanuel Kant  The Good Will  The Good Will & Qualities  Worthiness of Happiness  Virtues  The Goodness of the Good Will  Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law  Moral Worth  The Good  Law  Example  Determining the Good  Duty 39

Categorical imperative Immanuel kant  The Categorical Imperative  Law & Will  Imperatives  Examples  Suicide  Lying Promises  Rusting Talents  Helping Others 40

Categorical imperative Immanuel Kant  Ends  Rational Beings  Objects of the Inclination  Rational Beings  Supreme Practical Principle  Kingdom of Ends  Rational Beings as Legislators  Three Postulates of Morality  Introduction  Freedom  Immortality  God 41

Immanuel Kant Impact  Impact  Significance  Impact 42