Erection of steel portal frame for warehouse Construction Presented to: Mr.Jeremy Ham Done by: Oneil Baburam ID: 400270468

Portal Frame Portal frame construction is a method of building and designing simple structures, primarily using steel or steel-reinforced precast concrete. The connections between the columns and the rafters are designed to be moment resistant, i.e. they can carry bending forces. This allows the frames to be stable while only having simple foundations, only able to withstand compressive, tensile and shear forces. Foundations capable of carrying moments can be deep and are generally very expensive to build compared to connections. Portal frame construction is typically seen in warehouses, barns and other places where large, open spaces are required at low cost. Several companies manufacture software to assist in the efficient design of portal frame structures. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_frame

Warehouse Visited In order to accomplish the task of this assignment I visited current warehouses Under construction and others which are complete. The address for the warehouses are: 1).Hoppers crossing warehouse, Old Geelong road approximate 2mins from Freeway. 2). Aldi Warehouse on Harricks Road, Keilor Park

Typical Warehouse Sketch Plan Portal frame construction is typically seen in warehouses, and other places where large, open spaces are required at low cost. Historically, most economical solution was a steel truss sitting on walls, but now due to increased labour costs, rigid jointed portal frames are the most economical

Erection of steel portal frame warehouse Columns are part of a structure whose purpose is to transmit through compression the weight of the structure. Other compression members are often termed columns because of the similar stress conditions. Columns can be either compounded of parts or made as a single piece. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In this warehouse The steel columns are erected and bolted down on the pad footing. RE: Project 4: Case-study: Portal Frame Construction

Steel Portal Frame Most warehouse and factory buildings which are composed of portal frames will have metal cladding on the walls and roof. Cladding in this instance refers to process of covering one metal with another (usually achieved by pressure rolling, extruding, drawing, or swaging) until a bond is achieved. The cladding is connected to the roof using purlins. RE: Project 4: Case-study: Portal Frame Construction

Steel Portal Frame-cntd Purlins are typically C- or Z-sections and are relatively thin-walled, cold-formed members. The purlins run perpendicular to the portal frames. The cladding is attached to the purlins using screws. The purlins are attached to the frames using cleats which are welded to the roof beam. Depths vary from 100 mm to 350 mm. The cladding is connected to the wall using girts. Girts are the same as purlins except they are on the wall.

Splices are often used at the point of lowest bending moment for field erection The need for splicing is created due to required spans being larger than what can easily be transported; Columns are generally bolted to beams using bolted moment end plate connections which are considered to be rigid. Beams are generally bolted together at the ridge using bolted moment end plate connections which are considered to be rigid Base plate connections are usually flexible (pinned). Below is a picture taken of a knee joint connection on the warehouse

HAUNCHES AND SPLICES Ref: Centre for Advanced Structural Engineering

BOLTED CONNECTION (Ridge & Eave) Ref: Centre for Advanced Structural Engineering

Steel Portal Frame buildings Buildings made from portal frames are usually one-way rigid, one-way braced systems The portal frames span in one direction and are rigid Purlins and girts run perpendicular to the frames Bracing is used perpendicular to the frame as connections in this direction are flexible so a bracing system is required to take lateral loads Bracing is typically provided in the end bays; For longer buildings, bracing is generally provided about every fourth bay Bracing is used in the roof and the walls to stabilise frames and to resist load on the end of the building

Bracing Panels

Steel Portal Frame-cntd The warehouse consists of metal cladding on the walls and roof; The cladding is connected to the roof using purlins; Purlins are typically C- or Z-sections and are relatively thin-walled, cold-formed members; The purlins run perpendicular to the portal frames The cladding is attached to the purlins using screws; The purlins are attached to the frames using cleats which are welded to the roof beam; Depths vary from 100 mm to 350 mm; The cladding is connected to the wall using girts; Girts are the same as purlins except they are on the wall.

Purlin and Cleat

Warehouse Openings In the warehouse the Wall openings should be big enough for vehicles, heavy equipment, and other large items to pass through The warehouse should have at least two openings for in traffic and out traffic, in general steel portal frame buildings the Opening is usually opened by a column and lintel.

Acknowledgements Lots of Thanks to the SRT 251 Lecturer Mr. Jeremy Ham for all the input that he gave to us in the lectures which helped me in the assignment. Secondly, I would like to thank the tutorial Mr. Rob for tirelessly helping me in some aspects of the assignment.

References Construction and Structures 2 reader www.steel-sci.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_frame Centre for AdvancedStructural Engineering www.warehouse-building.com/standard-steel portal