Do Now 12/3 What does it mean to be racist? Long write/reflection in complete sentences: What does it mean to be racist? What are some examples of racism that you know of? Why do you think racism exists in America? Do you think it exists everywhere? Why? Why not? It’s almost the new year. What goals do you have for the rest of 2013?

The Trail on Which They Wept Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act

Why do we need more land? Population: The US population was growing. As we grew larger, more land was needed. Agriculture: At this point in history our economy was based on farming. Farming needs large amounts of land. Fear of invasion: The government feared European countries would invade. A larger country is more intimidating.

What Stands in the Way? There are two main obstacles that stand in the way of the US gaining more land. The unknown land in the West: We had attempted to solve this issue by sending out the different explorations through Western lands. Lewis and Clark, Stephan H. Long, Zebulon Pike Native Americans: Every President had attempted to remove the Native Americans. President Andrew Jackson was the most forceful.

Conquered Subjects President Jackson believed that the US Government had the right to move the Native Americans where he wanted. He viewed them as conquered subjects who lived within the borders of the United States. President Jackson believed that the American Indians stood in the way of the country’s progress. He pushed through the Indian Removal Act in 1830.

The Indian Removal Act This legislation passed through Congress would allow the Government to forcefully remove the Native Americans from Southern lands to a new location. Specifically Georgia This area was home to the Indian Nations of: Cherokee Creek Choctaw Chickasaw Seminole Eager for land to raise cotton, the settlers pressured the federal government to acquire Indian territory.

Removal Throughout the next few years many of the tribes signed additional treaties or accepted payments and moved West. However, the most aggressive tribe in fighting the removal was the Cherokee.

Fighting Fire with Fire The Cherokee Nation tried to beat Andrew Jackson’s policy and the State of Georgia through the Court system. They created their own formal government by writing a Constitution Very similar to the US Constitution!

Worcester Vs. Georgia The Georgia court just decided that the Cherokee Nation didn’t exist. After many appeals, the trial eventually landed in the Supreme Court. The court case of Worcester Vs. Georgia would end in a victory for the Cherokee!

“John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” Short Victory The Cherokee may have won the battle in court, but the lost the war with Andrew Jackson. President Jackson ignores the Supreme Court ruling! “John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!”

It will civilize them… President Jackson immediately wanted to enforce the law. He believed that this option was “just and liberal” and would allow the Native Americans to keep their way of life.

Rude Awakening In 1838 federal troops rounded up the remaining Cherokee people living in Georgia and forced them into stockades. Many people were forced out with just the clothes on their back. That fall and winter 16,000 Cherokee were forced to march through the rain, sleet, and snow.

The Tears of those who Watched The Native Americans were emotionless. The Cherokee refer to the time as “The trail where they cried” “They” referring to those who witnessed the passage of the Native Americans. 4,000 Cherokee would die.

Document A: Trail of Tears Painting

Document B: Andrew Jackson’s Second Annual Message Directions: Use the materials given to you to answer the questions over different view points and policies that involved the Indian Removal to Reservations in Oklahoma. Document B: Andrew Jackson’s Second Annual Message Why does Jackson think that the speedy removal of the Native Americans is an advantage for the United States? Why does President Jackson think that the speedy removal of the Native Americans is an advantage for the Native Americans?

Document C: Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Supreme Court Decision Directions: Use the materials given to you to answer the questions over different view points and policies that involved the Indian Removal to Reservations in Oklahoma. Document C: Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Supreme Court Decision What does the Supreme Court declare the Cherokee nation to be? What is the importance of this? What does the Supreme Court declare about Georgia’s actions?

Directions: Use the materials given to you to answer the questions over different view points and policies that involved the Indian Removal to Reservations in Oklahoma. Document D: Excerpts from John Ross's words to delegates of the Iroquois League What is John Ross’s opinion about the way the U.S. treated the Indian tribes? What did John Ross mean when he described the Cherokee as “…. compared to a solitary tree in an open space, where all the forest trees around have been prostrated by a furious tornado.”