CONTENTS Review 4-1 Past participle 4-2 Forms of the present perfect 4-3 Meanings of the present perfect 4-4 Simple past vs. present perfect 4-5 Using since and for 4-6 Present perfect progressive 4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect 4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore 4-9 Past perfect

Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max. Review and Preview PRESENT AND PAST VERBS take be give find love be Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max. Jenna’s grandfather ____ Max to her. Her grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter. Jenna _____ very good care her dog. He __ a great dog. loves is gave found takes is

She has forgotten his name. 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE She has forgotten his name.

past perfect tense present perfect tense 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE finish stop wait finished stopped waited finished stopped waited REGULAR VERBS see make put saw made put seen made put IRREGULAR VERBS past perfect tense present perfect tense

stopped stop stopped go went gone take took write wrote taken written 4-1 LET’S PRACTICE SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE stopped stop go take write stopped went took wrote gone taken written

He has finished all his work. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT He has finished all his work.

(a) I have worked very hard this year. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (a) I have worked very hard this year. (b) The students have worked hard. (c) Alex has worked very hard. STATEMENT: have/has + past participle

(d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home. (e) She’s/He’s gone home. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (d) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve gone home. (e) She’s/He’s gone home. (f) It’s been hot all week. CONTRACTION : pronoun + have = ’ve pronoun + has =k’s

(g) I have not gone home yet. (h) Fatima has not gone home. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (g) I have not gone home yet. (h) Fatima has not gone home. NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle

(g) I haven’t gone home yet. (h) Fatima hasn’t gone home. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (g) I haven’t gone home yet. (h) Fatima hasn’t gone home. NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle NEGATIVE CONTRACTION: have + not = haven’t has + not = hasn’t

(i) Have you read the report? 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (i) Have you read the report?

(k) How long have you worked there? 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (j) Has Marcy gone home? (k) How long have you worked there? QUESTION : have/has + subject + past participle

No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages. 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (l) No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages. Have you read all of this article? SHORT ANSWER: have/haven’t

Has Kyung finished her homework? 4-2 FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT (m) Has Kyung finished her homework? Yes, she has. She did it after school. SHORT ANSWER: has/hasn’t

___________________ a snake? Have you ever touched 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT you touch ever ___________________ a snake? Have you ever touched

No, ________________ I’ve never touched a snake. PRESENT PERFECT touch 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT touch never No, ________________ I’ve never touched a snake.

_________________ a shark? 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT Justin see ever Has Justin ever seen _________________ a shark?

Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town, has South Africa. 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town, has South Africa.

Tyler has taken his first steps. Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT Tyler has taken his first steps. Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1: SOMETHING HAPPENED BEFORE NOW AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME

(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1 (a) Tyler has already taken his first steps. (b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. (c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl? occurred before now or sometime in the past

(a) Tyler has already taken his first steps. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1 (a) Tyler has already taken his first steps. (b) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. (c) Have you ever seen Zoe crawl? now before now X X time?

(d) Mary has painted portraits many times. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1 (d) Mary has painted portraits many times. (e) Her students have painted portraits twice. activity repeated before now, unspecified past times

(d) Mary has painted portraits many times. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #1 (d) Mary has painted portraits many times. (e) Her students have painted portraits twice. now before now X X X X

MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #2: A SITUATION BEGAN IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES TO THE PRESENT.

(f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock. 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #2 (f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock. (g) I have played the violin for six years. I learned to play six years ago, and I still play it. since for present perfect + past present

x x x MEANING #2: (f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock. 8:00 now 4-3 MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT MEANING #2: (f) We’ve been working since 8 o’clock. now 8:00 x x x

Kyung has already taken the test. 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE Kyung has already taken the test. MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time. OR ? MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present.

I’ve been studying since 8 AM. 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE I’ve been studying since 8 AM. MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time OR ? MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present

Rosa has been to Italy three times. 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE Rosa has been to Italy three times. MEANING #1: Something happened before now at an unspecified time OR ? MEANING #2: A situation began in the past and continues to the present

I had an angel fish when I was a child. I have had many other 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT I had an angel fish when I was a child. I have had many other fish since then.

(a) They completed the game at 4:00. 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (a) They completed the game at 4:00. specific time PRESENT PERFECT (b) They have already completed the game. unspecified time

(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old. 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old. specific time PRESENT PERFECT (d) I have been in Nigeria three times. unspecified time

(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days. 4-4 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (e) Jack camped in France for 9 days. for activity began & ended in past PRESENT PERFECT (f) Eli has been camping since last Monday. (f) Eli has been camping for 9 days. for / since activity began & continues

? We have been in Tokyo many times. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE ? SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME We have been in Tokyo many times. PRESENT PERFECT UNSPECIFIED

? Barry has never been to Tokyo. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME PRESENT 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE ? SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME Barry has never been to Tokyo. PRESENT PERFECT UNSPECIFIED

? Gina went to Tokyo last month. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE ? SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME Gina went to Tokyo last month. SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST

I have been here since 6:00 AM. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR I have been here since 6:00 AM.

since noon. since Wednesday. since April. since 2006. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR since noon. since Wednesday. since April. since 2006. since May 9, 2007. since yesterday. since last week. (a) I have worked here Since Specific point in time

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007. present perfect + since (c) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007. present progressive NOT used

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007. present perfect + since (d) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007. simple present NOT used

(b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR (b) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007. present perfect + since (e) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007. INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007. simple past NOT used

(f) I have known her since I was fifteen. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR MAIN CLAUSE (present perfect) SINCE-CLAUSE (simple past) (f) I have known her since I was fifteen. (g) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer. Since time clause

for fifty minutes. for five hours. for ten days. for about six weeks. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR for fifty minutes. for five hours. for ten days. for about six weeks. for almost two months. for many years. for a long time. (h) I have worked here For length of time

(i) I have worked here for twelve years. 4-5 USING SINCE AND FOR (i) I have worked here for twelve years. I got a job here twelve years ago, and I still have it. present perfect + for + length of time past present (j) I played sports for fifteen years. I am too busy now. simple past past present

Mary has been playing the piano since ___________. she was six 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE 3 hours she was six Mary has been playing the piano since ___________. she was six Mary has been playing the piano for ___________. three hours

Alejandro has studied English since ________________. 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE he started school 15 years Alejandro has studied English since ________________. he started school Alejandro has studied English for __________________. fifteen years

I have driven a taxi _____ 2006. since 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE for since I have driven a taxi _____ 2006. since My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years. for

4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Dee has been working for ten hours.

(a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock. (b) She has been working for 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock. (b) She has been working for ten hours. STATEMENT: have/has + been + -ing

(c) How long has she been working? 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (c) How long has she been working? QUESTION FORM: have/has + subject + been + -ing

duration of time not mentioned 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (d) Mary is playing the piano right now. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE in progress right now duration of time not mentioned Mary has been playing the piano right now.

(e) Mary has been playing since noon. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (e) Mary has been playing since noon. (f) Mary has been playing for an hour. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE began in past in progress right now time expressed Mary is playing the piano since noon.

(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy. (h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy. (i) CORRECT: She has owned it for one month. (j) INCORRECT: She has been owning it for one month. non-action verbs progressive tenses

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE use My sister _________ the phone. is using She _____________ it for three hours. I need to make a call. has been using

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE dance Her parents __________. They ________________ together for over thirty years. are dancing have been dancing

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE go Where are you _______for the summer holiday? I am ______ to the beach. I ______________ to the beach going going have been going every summer since I was a child.

They have been hiking for several days. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT These guys are hiking. They have been hiking for several days.

(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (a) My cousin is hiking with his friends. They have been hiking for several days. duration of present activities, action verbs PRESENT PERFECT (b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. repeated activities unspecified times in the past

(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. (c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking many mountains.

(d) The guys have known each other for ten years. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (d) The guys have known each other for ten years. (e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing each other for ten years. duration of present activities, non-action verbs

(f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR (g) I have studied medicine for one year. same meaning

(h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child. OR 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child. OR Rolf has run every day since he was a child. usual, habitual activities either tense okay

(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. OR 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. OR I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. usual, habitual activities either tense okay

How long ___ your family ______ here? 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT live How long ___ your family ______ here? We __________ here for ten years. has lived have lived

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE live How long ___ your family _________ here? We _____________ here for ten years. has been living have been living

4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE I already fed the dog.

(a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. I already fed the dog. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE ALREADY (a) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. I already fed the dog. happened before now Position: midsentence

(b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t fed him yet. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE YET (b) I usually feed the dog, but I haven’t fed him yet. did not happen before now Position: end of sentence

(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE STILL (c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is still hungry. He still wants to eat. (d) I liked classical movies when I was in college. I still like them. (e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t raining.

(c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE STILL (c) I fed the dog thirty minutes ago. He is still hungry. He still wants to eat. (d) I liked classical movies when I was in college. I still like them. (e) It hasn’t rained all week. It still isn’t raining. situation continues to exist Position: midsentence

(f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired. I don’t work anymore. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE ANYMORE (f) I used to be a teacher, but I retired. I don’t work anymore. does not continue Position: end of sentence

(a) I already fed the dog. 4-8 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, AND ANYMORE ALREADY affirmative sentences (a) I already fed the dog. YET (b) I haven’t fed him yet. negative sentences ANYMORE (f) I don’t work anymore. STILL affirmative or negative sentences (c) He is still hungry. (e) It still isn’t raining.

She doesn’t have any money. She _______ spent it all. already 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE already yet still anymore She doesn’t have any money. She _______ spent it all. already

I did some homework, but I ______ have more to do. still 4-8 LET’S PRACTICE already yet still anymore I did some homework, but I ______ have more to do. still

4-8 LET’S PRACTICE We used to be friends, but we had an argument. We don’t like each other ________. anymore already yet still anymore

When they arrived at the store, it had already closed. 4-9 PAST PERFECT When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.

(a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed. 4-9 PAST PERFECT (a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed. two events in the past 1st event - Past Perfect 2nd event – Simple Past

(b) The store had already closed when they arrived. 4-9 PAST PERFECT (b) The store had already closed when they arrived. FORM: had + past participle

I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d 4-9 PAST PERFECT (c) It’d closed. She’d gone home. He’d gone home. They’d gone home. We’d gone home. You’d gone home. CONTRACTION: I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT (d) I’m not cooking now. before now before noon noon now X X X X (d) I’m not cooking now. I’ve already ordered pizza. (e) I was not cooking at noon. I had already ordered pizza. occurred before now, at an unspecified time occurred before another time in the past

PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PERFECT (f) I was waiting when began waiting arrived pizza pizza arrived he came home X X X X (f) I was waiting when the pizza arrived. (g) The pizza had arrived when he came home. in progress at a particular time in the past completed before a particular time in the past

1st 2nd I had already gone to bed when it started snowing. 4-9 PAST PERFECT I had already gone to bed when it started snowing. 1st 2nd a. it started snowing ____ b. I went to bed ____ 2nd 1st

1st 2nd I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed. 4-9 PAST PERFECT 1st 2nd I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed. a. store closed ____ b. tried to go shopping ____ 1st 2nd

1st 2nd A friend called to suggest a good movie. 4-9 PAST PERFECT A friend called to suggest a good movie. She had seen it last Friday. 1st 2nd a. the friend saw the movie ____ b. the friend called ____ 1st 2nd

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