Chapter 10 Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals Dr. S. M. Condren.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 10 Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals Dr. S. M. Condren

Advanced Theories of Chemical Bonding Atomic Orbitals Molecules Dr. S. M. Condren

Two Theories of Bonding MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY — Robert Mullikan (1896-1986) valence electrons are delocalized valence electrons are in orbitals (called molecular orbitals) spread over entire molecule. Dr. S. M. Condren

Two Theories of Bonding VALENCE BOND THEORY — Linus Pauling valence electrons are localized between atoms (or are lone pairs). half-filled atomic orbitals overlap to form bonds. Dr. S. M. Condren

Sigma Bond Formation by Orbital Overlap Two s orbitals overlap Dr. S. M. Condren

Sigma Bond Formation Two s orbitals overlap One s and one p orbital Two p orbitals overlap Dr. S. M. Condren

Using VB Theory Bonding in BF3 planar triangle angle = 120o Dr. S. M. Condren

Bonding in BF3 How to account for 3 bonds 120o apart using a spherical s orbital and p orbitals that are 90o apart? Pauling said to modify VB approach with ORBITAL HYBRIDIZATION — mix available orbitals to form a new set of orbitals — HYBRID ORBITALS — that will give the maximum overlap, in the correct geometry. Dr. S. M. Condren

Bonding in BF3 rearrange electrons hydridize orbs. unused p orbital three sp2 hybrid orbitals 2p 2s Dr. S. M. Condren

Bonding in BF3 The three hybrid orbitals are made from 1 s orbital and 2 p orbitals  3 sp2 hybrids. Now we have 3, half-filled HYBRID orbitals that can be used to form B-F sigma bonds. Dr. S. M. Condren

Bonding in BF3 An orbital from each F overlaps one of the sp2 hybrids to form a B-F  bond. Dr. S. M. Condren

BF3, Planar Trigonal Dr. S. M. Condren

Bonding in CH4 How do we account for 4 C—H sigma bonds 109o apart? Need to use 4 atomic orbitals — s, px, py, and pz — to form 4 new hybrid orbitals pointing in the correct direction. Dr. S. M. Condren

Bonding in CH4 Dr. S. M. Condren

Bonding in a Tetrahedron — Formation of Hybrid Atomic Orbitals 4 C atomic orbitals hybridize to form four equivalent sp3 hybrid atomic orbitals. Dr. S. M. Condren

Dr. S. M. Condren

Bonding in Glycine Dr. S. M. Condren

Orbital Hybridization BONDS SHAPE HYBRID REMAIN 2 linear sp 2 p’s 3 trigonal sp2 1 p planar 4 tetrahedral sp3 none Dr. S. M. Condren

Multiple Bonds Consider ethylene, C2H4 Dr. S. M. Condren

Sigma Bonds in C2H4 Dr. S. M. Condren

π Bonding in C2H4 The unused p orbital on each C atom contains an electron and this p orbital overlaps the p orbital on the neighboring atom to form the π bond. Dr. S. M. Condren

π Bonding in C2H4 The unused p orbital on each C atom contains an electron and this p orbital overlaps the p orbital on the neighboring atom to form the π bond. Dr. S. M. Condren

Multiple Bonding in C2H4 Dr. S. M. Condren

s and π Bonding in C2H4 Dr. S. M. Condren

s and π Bonding in CH2O Dr. S. M. Condren

s and π Bonding in C2H2 Dr. S. M. Condren

s and π Bonding in C2H2 Dr. S. M. Condren

Consequences of Multiple Bonding There is restricted rotation around C=C bond. Dr. S. M. Condren

Consequences of Multiple Bonding Restricted rotation around C=C bond. Dr. S. M. Condren

Diatomic Molecules AO MO AO H H2 H 1s 1s ENERGY B - AB 2 - 0 B => bonding electrons B - AB 2 - 0 B.O. = ------------ = -------- = 1 2 2 AB => antibonding electrons all electrons are paired, thus diamagnetic Dr. S. M. Condren

Diatomic Molecules AO MO AO He He2 He 1s 1s ENERGY B - AB 2 - 2 Zero bond order means it does not exist B - AB 2 - 2 B.O. = ------------ = -------- = 0 2 2 Dr. S. M. Condren

Diatomic Molecules AO MO AO He He2 He+ 1s 1s ENERGY B - AB 2 - 1 B.O. = ------------ = -------- = 1/2 2 2 One unpaired electron, thus, paramagnetic Dr. S. M. Condren

AO B MO B2 AO B 2p 2p 2s 2s 1s nonbonding 1s Dr. S. M. Condren

Molecular Orbital Diagram antibonding MO end-to-end bonding MO antibonding MO side-by-side bonding MO Dr. S. M. Condren

AO C MO C2 AO C 2p 2p 2s 2s 1s nonbonding 1s Dr. S. M. Condren

AO O MO O2 AO O 2p 2p 2s 2s 1s nonbonding 1s Dr. S. M. Condren

Energy Dr. S. M. Condren

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