TEKNOLOGI PENGENDALIAN EMISI ( 2 SKS) Jurusan Teknik Sistem Perkapalan ITS Surabaya

IMO Regulation (MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI) International Maritime Organization (IMO) is an agency of the United Nations which has been formed to promote maritime safety. It was formally established by an international conference in Geneva in 1948, and became active in 1958 when the IMO Convention entered into force (the original name was the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, or IMCO, but the name was changed in 1982 to IMO) IMO ship pollution rules are contained in the “International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships”, known as MARPOL 73/78. On 27 September 1997, the MARPOL Convention has been amended by the “1997 Protocol”, which includes Annex VI titled “Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships”. MARPOL Annex VI sets limits on NOx and sulfur oxide emissions from ship exhausts, and prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances.

Specifications of MAN B&W S60MC types Cylinder No. 4 5 6 7 8 Nominal MCR at 105 RPM 8160 kW 10200 kW 12240 kW 14280 kW 16320 kW Total length 6.90 m 8.00 m 9.00 m 10.10 m 11.20 m Total height 11.25 m 11.55 m 12.05 m 12.25 m 12.55 m Total width 8.10 m 8.60 m Exhaust gas Flow 77300 kg/h 96600 kg/h 115900 kg/h 135200 kg/h 154600 kg/h 109552 m3/h 136905 m3/h 164257 m3/h 191610 m3/h 219104 m3/h NOx* 1500 ppm SOx* 600 ppm PM* 0.12 g/m3 1.61 g/kWh

Conversion Factor

Tier Date NOx Limit, g/kWh Tier I 2000 17.0 45 x n-0.2 9.8 Tier II 2011 14.4 44 x n-0.23 7.7 Tier III 2016* 3.4 9 x n-0.2 1.96 *In NOx Emission Control Areas (Tier II standards apply outside ECAs)

Ships must fit an exhaust gas cleaning system or use any other technological method to limit SOx emissions to ≤ 6 g/kWh (as SO2 mass). Baltic Sea North Sea

Regulation To control the emissions from marine diesel engine, some regulations were issued. Such as IMO regulation, Marpol 73/78 annex VI. The regulation does not yet present emission standard of diesel PM. Although, some national regulations were issued PM emission standard for marine diesel engines, such as US Environmental Protection Agency that regulate PM emission standard in range from 0.2 to 0.8 g/kWh that depend on engine category and engine cylinder displacement

PM Emission Regulation 0.6 1990 1988 PM ( g/bhp-hr ) 0.4 1991 Challenge 0.2 2007 0.2 0.01 2004 1998 1994 2 4 6 8 10 NOx ( g/bhp-hr )

2. Combustion Modification Reduction Methods Primary Methods 1. Fuel Substitution (High grade fuel, water emulsion, water injection) 2. Combustion Modification (Injection timing retard, modified injector, Miller system, EGR) Secondary Methods SCR Seawater Scrubber etc. Some methods were developed to reduce the emissions. Such as substitute the fuel, modify the combustion and treat the exhaust gas.

SOx Sulpur Oxide

S O HC CH H R Sulphur Fuel thiophene mercaptanes sulphides bisulphides thiopyrone Sulphur Fuel

Spesifikasi Bahan Bakar MDO Marine Diesel Oil HFO Heavy Fuel Oil Berat jenis (kg/m3) 865.8 970.1 Kekentalan (cst pada 50oC) 2.661 123.2 Titik nyala (oC) 65 100.0 Titik tuang (oC) -22.5 -12.5 Carbon Residu (%mass) 0.46 11.63 Ash (%mass) <0.001 0.03 Belerang (%mass) 0.102 2.17 Nilai kalor (MJ/kg) 40 42

LIFAC : Limestones Injection into the Furnace and Activation of unreacted Calcium