+ A closer look at: Retrieval. + Yesterday and today you learned about… Stage 1: Encoding. Stage 2: Storage. Once information is encoded and stored successfully,

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Presentation transcript:

+ A closer look at: Retrieval

+ Yesterday and today you learned about… Stage 1: Encoding. Stage 2: Storage. Once information is encoded and stored successfully, you must be able to get it back out, or retrieve it!

+ The two retrieval tasks Recall: Recognition: Harry Bahrick study (1975):

+ Relearning Time as a Measure of Retention  In the late 1800s, Hermann Ebbinghaus studied another measure of memory functioning: how much time does it take to relearn and regain mastery of material?  He studied the memorization of nonsense syllables (THB YOX KVU EHM) so that depth of processing or prelearning would not be a factor.

+ “Every memory we have is held in a web of associations.”

+ Retrieval cues Imagine a spider suspended in the middle of her web, held up by the many strands extending outward from her in all directions to different points. If you were to trace a pathway to the spider, you would first need to create a path from one of these anchor points and then follow the strand down into the web. Retrieval cues:

+ Priming The activation of particular associations in memory, which usually aids retrieval; “memoryless memory”

+ Context-Dependent Memory  Part of the web of associations of a memory is the context. What else was going on at the time we formed the memory? Words learned underwater are better retrieved underwater.

+ Déjà vu = “already seen” Sometimes being in a context similar to one we’ve been in before may trigger déjà vu.

+ State-Dependent Memory  Our memories are not just linked to the external context in which we learned them.

+ The end!