ISSUES IN EACH COUNTRY AUSTRALIACANADAUKUK Expanding use of oceans resources - fisheries, oil and gas Managing impact of expanding industries – aquaculture, oil and gas Loss of marine biodiversity Avoiding conflict between users Decline of wild fish stocksNeed for responsible and sustainable fisheries Wealth generation – marine industries aquaculture, tourism Protecting the seas as tourist attraction Protecting environment from oil and gas industry Security for marine- based industries and access to resources ‘Boom and bust’ cycles that have depleted valuable resources Pollution from land-based sources and dumping at sea Ecological sustainability – marine species protection Facing up to the impact of climate change

Starting point – jurisdictions for oceans governance Australia Local: coastal region to low-water mark State or territory: low water mark to 3 nm Commonwealth: territorial waters 3-12 nm & EEZ nm Canada Provincial: territorial sea - low water mark to 12 nm & internal waters National: the rest - EEZ nm, seabed and subsoil of internal waters UK Local: inland waters – i.e. all waters landward side of the baseline National: the rest up to EEZ

TIMELINE DateAustraliaCanadaUnited Kingdom 1987Announced dev’m Oceans Strategy 1995Started ‘integrated oceans strategy’ 1997Oceans Act Australia’s Oceans Policy Review of marine nature conservation 2002National Oceans Management Strategy Safeguarding Our Seas: A Strategy for the Conservation and Sustainable Development of our Marine Environment 2009 Marine and Coastal Access Act Renewed calls for Oceans Act Dissatisfaction with implementation

VISION STATEMENTS Australia: Healthy oceans: cared for, understood and used wisely for the benefit of all, now and in the future. United Kingdom Our vision for the marine environment is clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas. Within one generation we want to have made a real difference Indonesia Terwujudnya Indonesia suatu negara maritim yang mandiri, kuat dan sejahtera dengan memahami, mengelola, menjaga, memanfaatkan, dan memelihara laut

VISI : Indonesia Terwujudnya Indonesia suatu negara maritim yang mandiri, kuat, dan sejahtera dengan memahami, mengelola, memanfaatkan, menjaga, serta memelihara laut secara berkelanjutan Revisi Visi

Structure of UK policy Chapter 1 Our vision and its delivery Chapter 2 Protecting marine biodiversity Chapter 3 Integrated coastal management Chapter 4 Tackling pollution from land-based sources and dumping at sea Chapter 5 The importance of shipping and ports Chapter 6 The contribution of offshore activities and renewable energy Chapter 7 Sustainable fisheries Chapter 8 Facing up to climate change Chapter 9 Making best use of marine science Annex A Summary of targets and timescales for delivering our vision Annex B Glossary of terms

POLICY CONTENT - UK Save our Seas: A comprehensive statement of commitment Nine chapters and annex of ‘targets and timescales Resources use/development and protection and conservation contained in separate chapters Commitment to ‘explore’ the role of spatial planning Elaboration of the ecosystem-based approach No new institutions announced but ‘commitment to review’ No reference to financial implications

POLICY CONTENT - CANADA (1) Oceans Strategy as a strategic framework Based on principles of ‘sustainable development’, ‘Integrated Management’ and the ‘precautionary approach’ Application through development and implementation of Integrated Management plans – an integrated approach Said to be a ‘working document’ to ‘foster discussion’ but also sets out policy, concepts and principles. No mention of financial implications

POLICY CONTENT - CANADA (2) Core concept - Integrated Management Principles: ecosystem-based management, sustainable development, the precautionary approach, conservation; shared responsibility, flexibility and inclusiveness Management-based process – no changes in governance structures or reconsideration of regulatory policies. Ecosystem-based management objectives for Large Ocean Management Areas (LOMAs) and coastal management – management based approach rather than spatial planning Integrated management body related to the geographical area - Gov. & NGOs A ‘simple and common sense’ approach??