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An Introduction to Derivatives A presentation by Derivative Research

Why learn or talk about Derivatives.  Important Financial instrument – In fact the most widely traded or used financial instrument in currency, commodity and equities market.  Why are they used : - Risk control or hedge against any unforeseen event and leverage.  Good liquidity and ease of entry and exit. UNICON

What are derivatives  Derivatives are financial instruments whose value depend on the value of other, more basic underlying assets.  Underlying asset can be a commodity, currency, equity, interest rate, exchange rate etc.

UNICON Derivative Products  Futures  Forwards  Options

UNICON Futures Contract Futures contracts:  Are entered into through exchange, traded on exchange and clearing corporation/house provides the settlement guarantee for trades.  Are of standard quantity, standard quality.  Have standard delivery time and place.

UNICON Introduction to futures Choice of initial product:  Index futures  Options on index  Stock futures  Options on stocks

UNICON Introduction to futures  Trading mechanism Contract design:  Price  Lot size  Tick size  Expiration month and date  Open interest, volume position

UNICON Futures – definition  A futures is a legally binding agreement to buy or sell something in the future at a price which is determined today.  Pricing Futures = Spot+Cost of carry –dividend (if any)

UNICON Operational Mechanism  Cash settled  Initial Margin (upfront)  Mark-to-Market margin (daily)

UNICON Option - definition  Option is the right given by the option seller to the option buyer to buy or sell specific asset at a specific price on or before a specific date.

UNICON How much does an option cost?  The premium is the price you pay for the option. For buyer of an option  Risk : limited to the amount of premium paid  Profit potential: unlimited For a seller of an option Risk – Unlimited. Profit Potential – limited to the premium recd.

UNICON Option Terminology  Call Option – Option to buy  Put Option – Option to sell  Option Buyer – has the right but not the obligation  Option Writer/Seller – has the obligation but not the right

UNICON Option Terminology  Option Premium – Price paid by the buyer to acquire the right  Strike Price OR Exercise Price – Price at which the underlying may be purchased  Expiration Date – Last date for exercising the option  Exercise Date – Date on which the option is actually exercised

UNICON Strike Prices  In-the-money – Option with intrinsic value  At-the-money – Exercise Price = Market Price  Out-of-the-money – No intrinsic value – some time value possible

UNICON Types of Options  American Option (options on stocks) – can be exercised any time on or before the expiration date  European Option (options on index) – can be exercised only on the expiration date (options on index)

UNICON Call option  A buyer of call option has the right but not the obligation to buy the underlying at the set price by paying the premium upfront.  He can exercise his option on or before expiry.

UNICON Break-even (Call option)  Call= strike +premium +fees There are two ways you can liquidate your position.  exercise your option  sell back the same option contract you purchased.

UNICON Nifty CMP = Rs. 3935/- Lot Size = 50

UNICON Call Buyer V/s Seller  Call Buyer – Pays premium – Has right to exercise resulting in a long position in the underlying – Time works against buyer  Call Seller – Collects premium – Has obligation if assigned resulting in a short position in the underlying – Time works in favor of seller

UNICON Put option  A buyer of Put option has the right but not the obligation to sell the underlying at the set price by paying the premium upfront.  He can exercise his option on or before expiry.

UNICON Break-even (Put option)  Put= strike -premium –fees There are two ways you can liquidate your position.  exercise your option  sell back the same option contract you purchased.

UNICON Put Buyer V/s Seller  Put Buyer – Pays premium – Has right to exercise resulting in a short position in the underlying – Time works against buyer  Put Seller – Collects premium – Has obligation if assigned resulting in a long position in the underlying – Time works in favor of seller

UNICON Assignment When holder of an option exercises the right, a randomly selected option seller is obligated to be assigned into the underlying contract.

UNICON Option Valuation  Option Premium = Intrinsic Value + Time Value Option Premium >= 0 Intrinsic Value >= 0 Time Value >= 0

UNICON Option Valuation  Intrinsic Value – Difference between Exercise Price and Spot Price – Cannot be negative – For a Call Option S t - K – For a Put Option K - S t S t = Spot price at time t K = Strike Price of Option.

UNICON Time Value  Amount buyers are willing to pay for the possibility that, at some time prior to expiration, the option may become profitable – Cannot be negative  An at-the-money option has the maximum time value of any strike price, i.e. more time value than either an in or out-of-the- money option.

UNICON Factors affecting option values  Current Price of the underlying asset (S)  Exercise Price of the option(K)  Interest Rates (R f )  Time to Expiry (T)  Volatility of prices of the underlying asset (  )

UNICON Key Points Options can be a very effective tool to take advantage of a rising or falling underlying. The following points may be kept in mind while purchasing options: The time value of option premiums decay towards expiration, so market timing is very important. Choose an option month that allows enough time for the anticipated move in the underlying. In-the-money calls are initially more responsive to underlying price changes than out-of-the-money calls. Choose a strike price level that offers a good risk/reward ratio given the expected price movement.

Option Greeks  Delta  Gamma  Vega  Theta  Rho UNICON

Open Interest  Open Interest is an important indicator that can help one in ascertaining the flow of funds.  If the open interest rises with rise in price it is a bullish indication.  If open interest rises and prices fall it is a bearish indication.  If open interest falls and prices rise it is a sign of short covering by bears.  If open interest falls and prices also fall it is a sign of profit booking by bulls or liquidation of positions.

UNICON Put Call Ratio  Put call ratio is an important indicator that can help one in gauging the future direction of the market.  If the Put call ratio rises then there is hope of higher prices in the near future.  If the Put call ratio falls it is a sign of weakness in the market.  Generally put call ratio is read along with volatility.  PCR can be calculated for Open Interest/positions or no of puts and calls traded.  Historically – is bullish. Above 2 and below 1.06 one may expect a sharp fall.

UNICON VOLATILITY  There are two types of volatility – historic volatility and implied volatility.  Historic volatility is based on historic prices of the futures and implied volatility is based on the volatility calculated from options i.e. volatility implied by premiums in options.  If volatility rises and PCR falls, it has bearish implications.  If volatility falls and PCR rises, it has bullish implications.

UNICON Trading Strategies

UNICON STRATEGIES USING FUTURES  PUT HEDGE  CALL HEDGE  COVERED Call  ARBITRAGE/REVERSE ARBITRAGE

UNICON PUT HEDGE WHEN  Put hedge is used when we are bullish on some stock.  And want to hedge our position if the prices move downwards. HOW  In this strategy we first buy a future and then hedge our position by buying a put immediately.

UNICON Tata Steel Put Hedge Buy 461 Buy CMP = Rs. 461/- Lot Size = 675

UNICON PUT HEDGE  PROBLEMS  Which strike price.  What time.  Premium value.  Reversal of positions  If any important support level is breached (a) We can reduce losses by squaring off the position. (b) Squaring off the future an persisting with the put.

UNICON CALL HEDGE WHEN  Call hedge is used when we are bearish on some stock.  And want to hedge our position if the prices move up. HOW  In this strategy we first sell a future and then hedge our position by buying a call immediately.

UNICON Tata Steel Call Hedge Sell 450 Buy CMP = Rs /- Lot Size = 600

UNICON CALL HEDGE  PROBLEMS  Which strike price.  What time.  Premium value.  Reversal of positions  If any important resistance level is breached (a) We can reduce losses by squaring off the position. (b) Squaring off the future an persisting with the call.

UNICON COVERED CALL WHEN  This strategy is used when we are bullish on a stock.  And want to reduce the cost of the future but it limits the profit to the strike price of the call. HOW  In this strategy we first buy a future and sell a call of strike price higher than the future price.

UNICON IFCI Covered Call Buy 51 Sell CMP = Rs. 51/- Lot Size = 2150

UNICON Option Spreads Buying a call (put) and selling a call (put) with different strike prices but the same expiration month. Two types of spreads Bull Spreads Bear Spreads

UNICON Bull Call Spreads  Maximum loss occurs below lower strike price  Maximum profit occurs above upper strike price  Breakeven level equals: – Lower strike plus Premium

UNICON Tata Steel Bull Call Spread Buy Sell CMP = Rs /-Lot Size = 400

UNICON Bear Put Spreads  Maximum loss occurs above upper strike price  Maximum profit occurs below lower strike price  Breakeven level equals: – Upper strike minus Premium

UNICON Reliance Bear Put Spread Buy Sell CMP = Rs /- Lot Size = 600

UNICON Option Straddles  Consist of buying a put and buying a call (Long Straddle). Both legs have the same strike price and same expiration; OR  Consist of selling a put and selling a call (Short Straddle). Both legs have the same strike price and same expiration.

UNICON Long Straddles  Maximum loss is equal to net debit, or total premium paid  Maximum profit is unlimited  Breakeven levels are equal to: – common strike price plus or minus total premium paid

UNICON NIFTY Long Straddle Buy Buy CMP = 3935Lot Size = 50

UNICON Short Straddles  Maximum profit is equal to total premium received  Maximum loss is unlimited  Breakeven levels are equal to: – common strike price plus or minus total premium received

UNICON SYNTHETIC LONG STRADDLE  Sell a future  Cover it by buying two calls of same strike price or of such strike price that the price is in between. OR Vice versa

UNICON Sell TATASTEEL 420 buy two

UNICON Profit When Price Went Down Eg: GUJAMBCEM DATEACTIONPRICE 02/03/2007SELL FU115 BUY 115 CA5.5 BUY 115 CA5.5 DATEACTIONPRICE 05/03/2007BUY FU108 SELL 115 CA3.75 SELL 115 CA3.75 RESULT PROFIT IN FU7 Lot Size LOSS IN CA1.75*2 TOTAL PROFIT

UNICON Profit When Price Went Up Eg: TATASTEEL DATEACTIONPRICE 07/03/2007SELL FU420 BUY 420 CA15.70 BUY 420 CA15.70 DATEACTIONPRICE 13/03/2007BUY FU446 SELL 420 CA32.10 SELL 420 CA32.10 RESULT LOSS IN FU26.00 Lot Size :675. PROFIT IN CA16.40*2 TOTAL PROFIT

UNICON Questions

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