Standardized tests Portfolios Course challenges Crosswalks

Infrastucture in place Low cost to institution No (additional) cost to student

Infrastructure fairly complicated Significant cost to institution: class instructor & assessor Significant cost to student: class & transcription

Infrastructure still fairly complicated Cost to institution: (designer and) assessor Cost to student: “Class” and transcription

Infrastructure becomes simple once crosswalks are in place Low cost to institution Low cost to student: transcription