Aim: What is a chromosome?

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Aim: What is a chromosome? http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html Human Chromosomes Text p.291-294

Electron Micrograph http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/tour/chromosome.swf

Chromosome Structure Section 12-2 Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones Go to Section:

Key Idea 2 Organisms inherit genetic information in a variety of ways that result in continuity of structure and function between parents and offspring. 2.1 f In all organisms, the coded instructions for specifying the characteristics of the organisms are carried in DNA, a large molecule formed from subunits arranged in a sequence with bases of four kinds (represented by A, G, C and T). The chemical and structural properties of DNA are the basis for how the genetic information that underlies heredity is both encoded in genes (as a string of molecular “bases”) and replicated by means of a template. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/tour/dna.swf

Bases (rungs of the ladder) in DNA Purine Bases Adenine (A) and guanine (G)are the larger of the two types of bases found in DNA.

Bases (rungs of the ladder) in DNA Pyrimidine Bases

The DNA backbone is a polymer with an alternating deoxyribose sugar-phosphate sequence DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted into a helix like a spiral staircase

Base Pairing in DNA A with T: the purine adenine (A) always pairs with the pyrimidine thymine (T) C with G: the pyrimidine cytosine (C) always pairs with the purine guanine (G) Give instructions to make the DNA molecule

DNA Nucleotides Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Section 12-1 Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Phosphate group Deoxyribose Go to Section:

Structure of DNA Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Go to Section:

Transcription – making RNA Section 12-3 Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNA polymerase RNA DNA Go to Section: