Persia AP Global Project By - Andrew Conner, Calvin Han, Svitlana Mykulynska, Julie Wiedemann & ELLIOT BARON Group 4

It was a patriarchal society.- Old hierarchy was reestablished under the Ming and Qing emperors. Filial piety was emphasized greatly in the Chinese family. The father was the head of the Chinese family. The father would pass his leadership to his eldest son. Children had the responsibility to look after the parent's happiness and well- being. Children would take whatever it takes to support their parents when their parents were old. Ancestor were also venerated and worshiped. Foot binding was for the girls of the richer family to show that they were inferior to men by stopping the growth of their foot. Next to the emperor, the scholar- bureaucrats were at the top of the social ranking as they held important positions in the empire. The next class was the gentry which had a lot in common with the scholar-bureaucrats but, they managed local communities. The working class was the next important as they mostly lived in rural estates and were made up of peasants. Merchants were the lowest in the social ranking as they were looked upon as dishonest and were even below the peasants. Clothing defined a person's role in society. This social ranking was opposite of Europe's in terms of merchants for merchants in Europe held a high ranking.

Social Hierarchy Europeans creoles mestizos/zambos/mulattoes slaves Peoples of varied ancestry lived together under European or Euro-American dominance Because of the small numbers of European women, Spanish and Portuguese migrants entered into relationships with indigenous women Mestizos were those of Spanish and native American parentage, and were found mostly in Mexico In Brazil, Europeans readily entered relations both with indigenous women and with African slave women Zambos were born of indigenous and African parents Mulattoes had Portuguese and African parents

Empires did not have an effective system for the distribution of power. This caused rulers to sabotage their empires by killing the most suitable of their heirs in order to keep their power in the short term. Steppe traditions were continued as family members ruled portions of these empires. Women were regarded as inferior, especially by conservative Muslims, but some women gained prestige and political power through their marriage to political leaders, and so had some influence in political affairs. The role of women remained constant during this time period, as women lacked many of the rights and opportunities that were granted to men. In the Middle East, a continuity was the fact that fighting remained a routine occurrence and successful warriors often became rulers, but a slight change came with the Ghazi ideal of spreading Islam. Steppe traditions were another continuity, as families continued to manage parts of empires.

Caste system Patriarchal society Integrated Turkish people (Mughals) into Indian society Social Hierarchy

Africa was thriving due to food that was brought in form the Americas This cause population growth Then population in West Africa was severely lowered due to the slave trade. I6 million were taken away (mostly males) This cause the women to try to fill in for the roles of the men that were taken away This imbalance encouraged people to practice polygamy

Western and Eastern Europe Continuity Patriarchal government Mostly peasant classes; even though there was much urbanization, most of Europe was still very rural.

Western and Eastern Europe Change Nobles lost much of their power. (Absolute monarchs started monitoring them and keeping their power in check.) Increase of the merchant class due to urbanization Peasant class gains opportunities Ex: in France and in Russia, soldiers from low ranking families were able to gain social status. In Eastern Europe, Peter the Great started a series of reforms that westernized Russia. Rise of nuclear families as a result of capitalism

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