Cells Animal and Plant Cells

Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures One-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms Plant Animal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

“Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

Cell Parts Organelles

Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Inside the Cell

Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA

Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material

Endoplasmic Reticulum Moves materials around in cell Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands Make proteins Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Golgi Bodies Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

“Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Division

MITOSIS

Mitosis The process of cell division which results in the production of two daughter cells from a single parent cell. The daughter cells are identical to one another and to the original parent cell.

Mitosis can be divided into stages Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase & Cytokinesis

Interphase The cell prepares for division Animal Cell DNA replicated Organelles replicated Cell increases in size

Interphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Prophase The cell prepares for nuclear division Animal Cell Packages DNA into chromosomes

Prophase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Metaphase The cell prepares chromosomes for division Animal Cell Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell Spindle fibers attach from daughter cells to chromosomes at the centromere

Metaphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Anaphase The chromosomes divide Animal Cell Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart ½ of each chromosome (called chromotid) moves to each daughter cell

Anaphase Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Telophase The cytoplasm divides Animal Cell DNA spreads out 2 nuclei form Cell wall pinches in to form the 2 new daughter cells

Telophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

Mitosis Animation http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

Animal Mitosis -- Review Interphase                                                              Prophase                                                              Metaphase                                                              Anaphase                                                              Telophase                                                             

Cell Specialization http://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgene tics/cellspecialization/ cell specialization is an adaptation to do a particular job in a cell Examples: lung cells, heart cells, muscle cells, blood cells, bone cells

Stem Cells Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. Two Types of Stem Cells: Adult stem cells exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of different types of tissue. Embryonic stem cells are derived from a four- or five- day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of development.