LIBRARY & INTERNET RESEARCH

HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOUR LIBRARY? OPENING AND CLOSING TIMES LOCATIONS BOOK LOANS PENALTIES JOURNAL AND DATABASES HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOUR LIBRARY? LIBRARY STAFF REFERENCE BOOKS LIBRARY CATALOGUE OPAC CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

LIBRARY RESEARCH HOW BOOKS ARE ORGANIZED IN LIBRARY? DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (DDC) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SYSTEM (LLC)

a. DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (DDC) Use numbers from 000 to 999 to classify materials into 10 major groups by subject matter. 000-099 General 100-199 Philosophy 200-299 Religion 300-399 Social Science 400-499 Language 500-599 Science 600-699 Useful Arts 700-799 Fine Arts 800-899 Literature 900-999 History

Each major grouping is further divided into 10 500-599 Science : 510 Mathematics 520 Astronomy 530 Physics 540 Chemistry 550 Geology 560 Fossils 570 Life Sciences 580 Botanical Sciences 590 Zoology

Then they have further subdivision. 510 Mathematics : 512 Algebra 513 Arithmetic 514 Topology 515 Analysis/Calculus 516 Geometry 519 Probability/Statistics, Numerical Analysis

Other Example 570 Life Sciences 574 Biology 574.1 Physiology 574.2 pathology 574.3 Development and Maturation 574.4 Anatomy 574.5 Ecology 574.6 Economy Biology

b. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SYSTEM (LLC) A - General works (Encyclopedias and other reference) B - Philosophy, Psychology and Religion C – History: Auxiliary sciences (archeology, genealogy, etc) D – History: General, non-American E – American history (general) F – American history (local)

G – Geography/Anthropology H – Social sciences (sociology, business, economics) J – Political sciences K – Law L – Education M – Music N – Fine arts (art and architecture) P – Language/Literature

Q – Sciences R – Medicine S – Agriculture T – Technology U – Military science V – Naval science Z – Bibliography/Library science

Q Science QA Mathematics and Computing QC Physic QD Chemistry QE Geology

7 steps of research process: i. Identify and develop your topic State your topic idea as a question. Identify the main concepts or keywords in your question. ii. Find the background information use encyclopedias and dictionaries TIP: EXPLOIT BIBLIOGRAPHIES Michael Engle of Cornell University Library simple and effective strategy for finding information for a research paper and documenting the sources you find. e.g. If you are interested in the research about the use of alcholic beverages by university students. Set the topic into question as “ What are the effects of the usage of alcoholic beverages by university students?” ii. help you understand the broader context of your research and tell you in general terms what is known about your topic most common background sources are encyclopedias and dictionaries from the print and online reference collection - Look up your keywords in the indexes to subject encyclopedias. - Read articles in these encyclopedias to set the context for your research. - Note any relevant items in the bibliographies at the end of the encyclopedia articles. TIP: EXPLOIT BIBLIOGRAPHIES

iii.Use catalogs to find books and media Use keyword searching to find materials by topic or subject write down the citation (author, title,etc.) and the location information (call number and library). Note the circulation status - find the location and call number of books iii. pull the book from the shelf, scan the bibliography for additional sources.

iv. Use indexes to find periodical articles Periodicals are continuous publications such as journals, newspapers, or magazines. - use periodical indexes and abstracts to find citations to articles v.Find internet resources Use search engines iv. They are issued regularly (daily, weekly, monthly, or quarterly).

vi. Evaluate what you find critically analyze information sources Initial appraisal - author, date of publication, edition or revision, publisher, title of journal b. Content analysis - Intended audience, objective reasoning, coverage, writing style, evaluative reviews Bibliographic citations characteristically have three main components: author, title, and publication information a. Initial appraisal Author - educational background, past writings, or experience? Is the book or article written on a topic in the author's area of expertise? - Has your instructor mentioned this author? Date of publication - When was the source published? - Is the source current or out-of-date for your topic? Edition or Revision - Is this a first edition of this publication or not? - Further editions indicate a source has been revised and updated to reflect changes in knowledge - many printings or editions may indicate that the work has become a standard source in the area and is reliable Publisher - If the source is published by a university press, it is likely to be scholarly Title of Journal - Is this a scholarly or a popular journal? b. Content Analysis Intended Audience - What type of audience is the author addressing? - Is the publication aimed at a specialized or a general audience? - Is this source too elementary, too technical, too advanced, or just right for your needs? Objective Reasoning - Is the information covered fact, opinion, or propaganda? - Does the information appear to be valid and well-researched - Are the ideas and arguments advanced more or less in line with other works you have read on the same topic? - Is the author's point of view objective and impartial? - Is the language free of emotion-arousing words and bias? Coverage - Does the work update other source or add new information? Writing Style - Is the publication organized logically? - Are the main points clearly presented? Evaluative Reviews - Do the various reviewers agree on the value or attributes of the book or has it aroused controversy among the critics?

vii. Cite what you find using a standard format gives proper credit to the authors of the materials used allows those who are reading your work to duplicate your research and locate the sources that you have listed as references. * Knowingly representing the work of others as your own is plagarism vii. Citing or documenting the sources used in your research serves two purposes - proper credit to the authors of the materials used - allows those who are reading your work to duplicate your research and locate the sources that you have listed as references representing the work of others as your own is plagarism

REFERENCING

How to cite/reference material Different fields use different styles for formatting information: Books Conference Papers & Theses Reports Journal Articles Magazine & Newspapers Audiovisual Others (Webpages, Legal Materials, Course Handouts Figures and Tables

APA REFERENCING The American Psychological Association reference style uses the Author-Date format. When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author name and year of publication. If quoting directly, a location reference such as page number(s) or paragraph number is also required.

IN-TEXT Direct quotation – use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188). Alternatively, “Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188). Indirect quotation/paraphrasing – no quotation marks Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997). Citations from a secondary source As Hall (1977) asserts, “culture also defines boundaries of different groups” (as cited in Samovar and Porter, 1997, p. 14).

EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES BY TYPE In a reference list In-text citation 1. Book with one author King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking. (King, 2000) or King (2000) compares Frame . 2. Book with two to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson (Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) then (Krause et al., 2006)

He who asks a question is a fool for five minutes; he who does not ask a question remains a fool forever -proverb-