President George HW Bush (1988-1992) Presided over collapse of Soviet Union: decreased threat of nuclear war U.S. seen as the main superpower Violence in Balkans Pres. Bush and Yeltsin

Fighting Apartheid in South Africa What was Apartheid? Rigid system of segregation Global movement for Divestment in 1980s Divestment – withdrawing all investments Congress imposed sanctions, but stopped short of full divestment President Bush met with Nelson Mandela Sun City Video

Operation Just Cause Invasion of Panama by U.S. to oust Noriega (Dec. 20, 1989 – Jan. 3, 1990) Manuel Noriega on CIA payroll (1959-80s) Bush Director of CIA in 1970s Noriega working with AND against drug cartels in “War on Drugs” Reasons for Invasion: Safeguard U.S. citizens in Panama Defend Human Rights and Democracy Combat drug trafficking Protect Torrijos-Carter Treaties Casualties: 24 U.S. soldiers, 200 Panamanian soldiers Civilians – 200 to 4000; fires raged throughout city Noriega sentenced to 40 years (reduced to 30 later) Clinton transfers Canal Zone back to Panama in 1999

Operation Desert Storm First Persian Gulf War with Iraq Kuwait was diagonal drilling into Iraq’s wells Iraq invaded Kuwait U.S. led UN-sanctioned effort to help Kuwait Quick war Few American casualties; many Iraqi casualties Sadaam Hussein remained in power Economic sanctions on Iraq

Operation Restore Hope Somalia (Dec. 1992 to May 1993) Chaos in Somalia – local warlords vying for power 500,000 Somalis dead of starvation; 1000’s more refugees at risk Humanitarian groups targeted for violence Effort to ensure the success of humanitarian aid in Southern Somalia UN sanctioned multinational force (UNITAF – Unified Task Force) Battle of Mogadishu (1993) – Black Hawk Down