World History Chapter 9 The Americas

Section one The early Civilization of the Americas

Geography and its impact Early civilization developed in North America, South America and Central America Latin America= Central America, Mexico, South America and some Caribbean Islands Spoke Latin based languages Spanish, Portuguese and French Caused by being annexed (colonized)

Land and Climate of Latin America Plains Cover most of Mexico, and South America Highland plateaus –farming and grazing Mountains North American into Mexico Sierra Madres South America Andes Mountains (the whole of the western coast)

Important geographical feature Largest Rain Forest in the world Land continued….. Rain Forest Important geographical feature Largest Rain Forest in the world Amazon River Basin rain forest In South and Central America

Climate Mountains Coast and Interior Colder than in the lowlands Snow on mountains Coast and Interior Tropical, wet to hot and dry climates

The first Americans crossed the Land bridge 13,000 years ago Siberia (northern /Russia) connected to Alaska Nomadic Asian people crossed this land bridge into the Americas to scatter through out the Americas

Between 3,400 B.C. learned to grow Maize An important agricultural element Became the basics of their diet Dried after harvest and stored to serve as winter food. Ground into flour for bread and cooked in a variety of ways

Olmecs Zapotecs Earliest known civilization in the Americas Gulf of Mexico 1200 BC Fishing and farming Rubber trees Rubber balls used on Stone courts Art Gigantic carved stone head Calendar Southeastern Mexico 500 B.C. Writing system Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon Farmers, craft workers artisans, builders, merchants, warriors traded with others Priests and the rulers governed the city

Olmec Influence on the Mayans Maize Ceremonial centers with temple pyramids Mayan’s Calendar based on the Olmec Ball games Rituals involving human sacrifice

Maya Location Guatemala, Belize and Yucatan Peninsula Sports basketball King ruled-priests and nobles helped Social classes Artisans, merchants, Peasants, Farmers, laborers Independent city-states roads connected Wealthy owned slaves

Gods and Priests Gods controlled the weather Daily rituals to please the gods Built huge pyramid temples in honor of the gods Human sacrifice

Achievements Arts and Sciences 3651/4 day calendar Studied astronomy and predicted solar eclipses Math first to use the concept of Zero Writing system

Toltecs Dominated Central Mexico 950-1200 A.D. Mining and trading empire Pyramid building Gods Murals Depicting gruesome battle scenes Chief Bird Warriors Piercing his own cheek for losing battle

Aztecs Central Mexico1200 A.D. Unified empire under a Ruler chosen by the noble and priest Calendar Warriors Miners-gold, precious stones Farmer- maize, squash, beans, tobacco,

Human sacrifices to the Gods Continued….. Human sacrifices to the Gods Most were prisoners To be Sacrificed was a honor for the victim and the family Schools Boys- astronomy and religion Both- trained on the what was required to be a adult.

temple

The Aztec Empire is part of Mexico today. According to Aztec legend, the gods told the nomadic people who had entered the Valley of Mexico to search for an eagle perched on the top of a cactus. The eagle would be holding a snake in its beak.

Tenochititlan

Quetzelcoatl was a former white skinned and bearded priest. came from the east and promised to return. The god of civilization and learning.

Peru and the Incan Empire Section 2 Peru and the Incan Empire

Peru Along the Pacific coast of South America Land is forested Small % suitable for farming

Chavin Moche Northern Peru Built stone temple made of Adobe 900-200 B.C. Built stone temple made of Adobe Bricks made of sun dried clay To honor the animal gods Jaguar, serpent, alligator 200-100 B.C. Built no cities/urban center Aggressive people Engineers built roads and irrigation canals Collapsed 900 A.D. Possible reasons Drought, severe flooding

Do you believe in Aliens? What do you think?

Nazca lines (Peru) The are a series of drawings located in the Nazca Desert, a high arid plateau that stretches more than 50 miles. Believed to have been created between 200BC and 700 AD. There are hundreds of individual figures, ranging in complexity from simple lines to stylized hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, fish, sharks or orcas, llamas, and lizards.

Spider

Monkey

Humming Bird

The Incas Western coast of South America in the Andes Mountains 1500A.D.

Little is known about the early years. Aggressive people Skilled architects Built roads, stone walls, palaces Postal service, (runners) (no writing system)

Incan Society highly developed religion and well defined social classes Polytheistic many gods: Moon, Stars, thunder, Sun God most important Spirits live in every aspect of nature Woman were trained to serve the Sun God

Incan Social Classes Social Classes Adopted Inca Provincial nobles Pure Inca- ruling family and nobles Adopted Inca Nobles from (conquered) neighboring lands Provincial nobles Allowed to rule large estates Ordinary people Lowest class, highest %

Inca Families Families formed into groups (by 10) 1 man served as administrator No taxes –supplied labor for social services Services given food, benefits for orphans and windows, feast for holidays Government Strict rulers permission to travel through the empire Clothing Wear clothing connected to the people and from where they lived

Inca farming Families belonged to a group Owned the land jointly The leader of the group followed government orders and assigned jobs to the family group

farming Crops Potatoes Corn Squash Tomatoes Peanuts Cotton

Llamas Alpacas

Section 3 North American Groups

Native Americans No unified empires No cities, palaces, Hunter gathers, farmers, trading with each other Developed different languages, cultures, style of dress. Adapted to the environment instead of changing it

Geography Huge land mass- Varying climates landforms No rain, lots of rain, hot, cold landforms mountains, deserts, plains, forests Rivers, lakes, and oceans

Western Groups Eskimos/ Inuit's (Northwestern) Arctic region of Canada and Alaska Tents made from animal skins Tools made from teeth and bones

western Anasazi (Southwestern) 4 corners-Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah Apartment style homes-adobe

Navajos Apaches Farmers and ranchers Lived on the open plains Hunters, Raiding others

Eastern groups Mound Builder Hopewells Mississippi and Ohio river valley Disappeared in the 17th century

Iroquois and Hurons New York and Great Lakes area Farmers Built longhouses Wampum- colorful breads Formed a confederacy To get along