legacy of conflict undermines livelihood restoration and ability to adapt to climate change increasing hazardous waste climate change (water and food insecurity, natural disasters, forced migration) population growth & living standard (by 2050 human demand = 2 planets) poverty and social insecurity national instability (fight for sovereignty) growing resentment and distrust in industrialized world because of inaction on climate change & environmental pollution militarization of strategic natural resources emergence and convergence of technology (NBIC/BANG) new weapons and weaponizable technologies outerspace debris Emerging Environmental Security Issues

Overstating Climate Change Climate changePolitical situationState of security + Rising sea levels Highly populated coastal area Natural disasters Ecological damage Desertification Water/Food scarcity Warming

No Agreement on the Arctic Yet (c) BBC 1.2 mill square km

Areas of Disagreement access to the polar regions, off-coast resources, and their use enforcement of MEAs monitoring systems and models security implications of environmental aspects biodiversity protection synthetic biology and nanotech safety strategies implications of new weapons technology nuclear non-proliferation climate change and post-Kyoto strategy outer-space security

Recent Environmental Agreements Convention on Cluster Munitions opened for signature in December 2008 European Parliament Resolution for Global Ban of DU Weapons Biological Weapons Convention enforcement (biosecurity, codes of conduct) Chemical Weapons Convention (use by nonstate actors; destruction deadlines) E-waste Declaration for Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal Stockholm Convention on POPs expanded with new chemicals, adopted evaluation mechanisms, compliance mechanism expected for 2011 network of marine protection areas, to be adopted by 2012 global ban on some heavy metals (in negotiation) mandatory emissions targets at country, regional, local levels

Trends increased protection of the environment and “common spaces” adoption of precautionary principle versus reactive actions expansion of polluter pays principle, and environmental liability and redress actions international negotiations focus on enforcing MEAs, more synergistic environmental policy; simpler and clearer frameworks, and training improving environmental governance and enforcement (UNEO) international “coalitions of the willing” negotiating international treaties “competition” for local environmental, energy, and emissions reduction strategies increased participation of civil society in the design of policies alliances between private companies, govs, NGOs and IOs to increase eco- efficiency improving analytical tools for environmental assessment new watchdog bodies sovereignty vs human rights and environmental security environmental diplomacy for conflict prevention