-Age of Expansion; European Exploration-

Reconquista- “Reconquest” Campaign by the Spanish and Christian leaders to remove Muslim (Moors) and Jewish influence from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) By 1492 Christians controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula Queen Isabella launches the Inquisition More than 150,000 killed(mostly Muslims and Jews)

Improving technology *Europeans made use of new information and inventions to improve their range and success in sea travel

Examples of this new technology include: 1. Maps – Europeans received accurate charts from Arab sailors 2. Astrolabe – A device that measured star locations which was used to determine a position on earth

3. Compass – A device that uses magnetic fields to measure direction 4. Caravel – A three-masted ship with greater range and speed that could carry more cargo

Portuguese Success *Rising European monarchies such as Portugal sought to break the monopoly that Italian city-states had on trade *Dual Ambitions 1. Search for gold – The west coast of Africa (Gold Coast) became colonies of Portugal 2. The spice trade – The Portuguese desired faster routes to spices in India

*Prince Henry “the navigator” 1. Trained sailors and taught them the art of navigation *Bartholomeu Dias 1. Discovered a sea route to India around Africa 2. Could not complete the journey due to mutiny

*Vasco Da Gama 1. Completed the sea route to India that Dias had charted

Spanish Competition *The Spaniards watched the Portuguese establish a trading empire as they struggled to unite Spain 1. Ferdinand and Isabella’s marriage allowed for Spain to look outside its borders and take its place in the oceans

2. Landed in the West Indies (Cuba?) and Central America Columbus’ journey 1. Sought a western sea route to India and Asia 2. Landed in the West Indies (Cuba?) and Central America 3. This event introduced a “new world” to Europeans

*Amerigo Vespucci 1. An Italian who sailed for Spain, he recognized the area of Columbus’ landing as a new world 2. The Americas are named for him *Vasco de Balboa 1. was the first of the European explorers to set eyes on the Pacific Ocean

The missionary goal 1. Jesuit priests sought to convert the inhabitants of the “new world” to Roman Catholicism The Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Divided Portuguese holdings in Latin America 2. The line of demarcation was created by the Pope 3. Spain was given the most favorable territories

The Northwest Passage *Following the success of Spain and Portugal, nations such as France, England, and Holland all sought to take part in exploration 1. Most of these nations were searching for a profitable Northwest Passage *This imaginary sea route did not exist, but Europeans still sought a northwest route to Asia *Although failing to get them to Asia, the search did lead to French, Dutch, and English colonies in North America

Age of Expansion: The Rise of Commercialism Entrepreneur: Someone who takes a risk and starts a business in hopes of high profits Capital: Money gathered to finance the supplies needed to start or expand a company Capitalists: The investors who provide this money in exchange for stocks Joint Stock Company: A company that sells stocks to investors in exchange for capital Mercantilism: A mother country acquires colonies as markets and sources of raw materials – In order to achieve profit, the mother country must export more than it imports