MACAO-VLTI Adaptive Optics 4/6/2017 Other Contributors: L. Close, J. Brynnel, J. Farinato, E. Brunetto, S. Stroebele, R. Reiss, E. Marchetti, D. Bonaccini Calia T. Craven-Bartle, M. Comin, T. Phan Duc, Wallanders … R. Arsenault, R. Donaldson, C. Dupuy, E. Fedrigo, M. Kasper, N. Hubin, B. Delabre, S. Oberti, J. Paufique, L. Ivanescu, S. Tordo, S. Rossi, A. Silber, J.-L. Lizon, P. Gigan, M. Quattri 20th AO ESO 27.11.09

MACAO-VLTI: How it started… Challenges… 4/6/2017 MACAO-VLTI: How it started… Challenges… Low cost - reliable – easy to operate AO system Polyvalent: feed VLTI, CRIRES, SPIFFI… Few curvature system in world (IoA Hawaii, CFHT) Believers/Architects: F. Roddier, G. Monnet, F. Rigaut AO Group restructure 1999 Fast track !!! (thanks to team !) (FDR-4th Macao: 4 yrs) Low Maintenance - easy to operate (automatic: guide str mag. & seeing LUT) Understand Curvature system… Detailed simulations & test in Europe Piston Spec. New for AO systems; no real time feedback; open loop process… DM mech. decoupled from WFS DM @ M8 location 5m above WFS !!! Decoupled structure

MACAO-VLTI: Milestones & Requirements 4/6/2017 MACAO-VLTI: Milestones & Requirements Design Reviews: System Deliveries: Strehl Ratio: Piston from DM < : Residual Jitter < 10 mas Off-axis guiding On-line diagnosis Chopping V < 9 50% V = 14.5 35% V = 15.5 10% Concept Des. Rev. Sept. 99 Prelim. Des. Rev. Oct. 00 Final Des. Rev. March 01 2.5 yr ! Tip-Tilt Boxes (2) Nov. 01 MACAO#2 (UT2) Apr. 03 MACAO#3 (UT3) Aug. 03 MACAO#4 (UT4) Aug. 04 MACAO#1 (UT1) Mar. 05 25 nm RMS Window 48 msec 125 nm RMS Window 290 msec 2 mm PV Window 10 min Allowed VLTI to combine UT2-UT3 using tilt corrected beams (STRAP-M2)

MACAO-VLTI: System Characteristics 60 elements Curvature System (vibrating membrane, micro-lenses, Bimorph DM and Tip-Tilt mount) 2.1 kHz drive membrane mirror AO loop controlled @ 420 Hz, (bandwidth ~35 Hz) PowerPC 400 MHz Real Time Computer WaveFrontSensor detector: APD coupled with Opt. Fibers Modular approach (4 VLTI+SINFONI/CRIRES+spares) X-Y Table allows reference source selection off-axis (Strap quadrant detector tip-tilt sensor+) TCCD Electronics: VLTI-RTC-IC LCU’s, XYTab., DM Amplifiers, APD Racks, High Level Eng. GUI + Observing Software

MACAO-VLTI: Deformable Mirror Wavefront Corrector CILAS Bimorphe DM +/- 400 Volt 100 mm pupil (150mm full size) 60 electrodes 40 intra-pupil 20 extra-pupil (tilt) Up to 1.2” seeing Deformable Mirror Tip-Tilt mount

MACAO-VLTI: WaveFront Sensor & APD Cabinet Beam Switching Device (STRAP) TCCD T-mount on XY table APD Cabinet

MACAO-VLTI: Fiber Bundle Heptagon Micro-Lens Microfab Micro-Lens

MACAO-VLTI: Optics WFS Optics Functions Membrane vibration for curvature sensing (2.1 kHz) Beam collimation Pupil enlargment (14  18 mm) Pupil imaging on Lenslet Pupil centering on Lenslet Pupil de-rotation CRITICAL Rotating prism axis Gimball tilt

MACAO-VLTI: Industries Applied Physics Specialties, Ltd. 17 Prince Andrew Place Don Mills, Ontario M3C 2H2 Canada DR. SCHÜTTEN GmbH Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Schütten (Geschäftsführer) Frauenfelderstr. 95 CH-9548 Matzingen Shaktiware

MACAO-VLTI: Lab Tests Optical Table in Lab. 038 Simulated f/47 Coude beam Phase screens & turbulence generator DM in optical beam WFS mounted under opt. table RASOIR IR test camera

MACAO-VLTI: Paranal Installation Five (5) comm. (inclu. TTB) from Dec.’01 to Mar.05 Required >140 man-day/comm, 20 k € /comm transport, 15 k € overtime Shipment/comm: 10 crates, 3 tons, 15 m3, value 1.4 M€ All together ~8 staff monopolized for 1.5 months Preparation: Hand & power tools, handling tools, books, docum., laptops, soft … Lots of constraints before scheduled dates (calibr., scien. op. etc.) Paranal overloaded with operation Limited Paranal prep. before arrival; but outstanding response once there Heavy toll on staff (assume 2wks off after comm. or “low-profile”); one wk – 10 days on sky about limit of exhaustion! Data reduction & Comm. Report prep. and writing not evaluated yet (2-3 wk/staff ?!) + Documentation to provide… The Right stuff!

MACAO-VLTI: Components Location Azimuth Cabinet HVA, TTM elec., capa. RO M8 Well TTM, DM, Capa. FE, DM mask Coude Room WFS box IC/XY Cab. RTC/VLTI Cab. APD Cab. Cooling Coude focus

MACAO-VLTI: Calibrations 4/6/2017 MACAO-VLTI: Calibrations Membrane Mirror Stroke Calibration RoC vs Volt; FOV of WFS for given RoC and Tilt Membrane Mirror Phaselag Calibration Use tilt signal; for which phaselag curv =0; add 180º Interaction Matrices Calibration ~6 matrices for different RoC; interpolation to cover whole range DM Flattening (close loop with low gains; re-iterate) Influence Functions (Piston; laboratory) DM shape+Capa. Sensor (OPD offset); DM non-linearity See paper 5490-100 on Calibrations Oberti, Bonnet, Fedrigo et al. See paper 5490-182 on Piston Ivanescu, Arsenault, Fedrigo et al. Worry about DM far from WFS After install and work in Coude LOTS of turbulence Beginning of night some turbulence Middle of night after good ventilation rock steady !!!

MACAO-VLTI System Description Coude Room View Front: ITC rack, M9 tower, Macao on XY table Back: Elec. Cab, APD rack, FOB, M9 cooling, SCP (For system description see Arsenault et al., 2003, SPIE 4839, p.174) Test Bench & Turbulence Generator

MACAO-VLTI Performance: Results on UT2 HIC59206 V=10Sep. 0.120” Seeing 0.75” 5 x 5 arcsec2 K-band image of "Frosty Leo" obtained in 0.7 arcsec seeing. V~ 11, difficult AO target because 3 arcsec in size at visible wavelengths. The corrected image quality is about FWHM 0.1 arcsec. Open-loop Close-loop 90-second K-band exposure of the central 6 x 13 arcsec2 around the Galactic Center obtained by under average atmospheric conditions (0.8 arcsec seeing). Although the 14.6 magnitude guide star is located roughly 20 arcsec from the field center the present image has a point-source FWHM of about 0.115 arcsec.

MACAO-VLTI: Results UT3 Mars image taken in August 8th 2003 Some ~20 mosaic images in K band Reference source: Deimos WFS offsets (excellent “exercise” for MACAO-VLTI functionalities) (thanks to MKA & STO) Neptune H band image Planet disk used for guiding (f=3”) Smallest features ~0.067”

MACAO-VLTI: Results on UT3 Interferometry Calibrator fringes HD20356 with 2 MACAO’s on UT2-UT3 November ‘03 1st fringes with 2 MACAO’s on UT2-UT3 14.08.03 Flux injected in VINCI fibers (beam combiner) versus MACAO-VLTI main loop gain. Approximately 50 times more flux injected with MACAO than with tip-tilt correction alone.

MACAO-VLTI: Results UT4 Tilt Correction 4/6/2017 MACAO-VLTI: Results UT4 Tilt Correction Nasmyth A/R failed; Exchanged with UT1 Bad Active correction first; MKA wants to correct it all with MACAO !!!

MACAO-VLTI Performance: Strehl Rogue Gallery 4/6/2017 MACAO-VLTI Performance: Strehl Rogue Gallery mv=11.5 Seeing=0.8” Sr(K)=57% texp.= 0.2s mv=8-9 Seeing=0.5” Sr(K)=63% texp.= 0.2s BEST Mv=9.87 Seeing=0.8” Sr(K)=65% texp.= 64s mv=14.5 Seeing=0.6” Sr(K)=45% texp.=0.5s FWHM= 66 mas mv=15.5 Seeing=0.6” Sr(K)=26% texp.= 0.5s FWHM= 89mas mv=16 Seeing=0.55” Sr(K)=26% texp.=0.2s

MACAO-VLTI Performance: Strehl versus V magnitude 4/6/2017 MACAO-VLTI Performance: Strehl versus V magnitude Legend: Pink diamonds: VLTI specifications Blue curve: Computer simulations Red Curve: Test Bench (lab.) measurements Brown dots (error bars): Sky data on UT2 (April’03; lower limit ‘cause seeing > spec.) Black squares: Sky data on UT3 (August’03) Red dash-dot line: open loop strehl Strehl ratio versus guide star magnitude

MACAO-VLTI Performance: Piston-control freq. influence 4/6/2017 MACAO-VLTI Performance: Piston-control freq. influence Piston Removal: a)Determine piston mode b)Given act. V, calibrate piston over pupil c)Apply piston corr. V for each V (350 Hz) Non-Linear double iteration See paper 5490-182 Ivanescu et al. for details

MACAO-VLTI MACAO-VLTI Upgrades ITF Electronics cabinets vibrations: move out end-2006 (in progress; Paranal Eng.) Membrane mirror phaselag switch solved (noise on APDCM); upgrade of EPROM’s RTC Anti-Windup FINITO injection (ITF): Delay Lines alignment + VCM use; procedure Source centering on Fiber; dynamic modulation Tunnel Seeing: IRIS (+actuator pre-instrument!?) PSF “explosion”: implementation of SMA+Anti-Windup UT Vibrations: implementation of VTK algorithm

MACAO-VLTI: Conclusions 4/6/2017 MACAO-VLTI: Conclusions Milestones TTB (STRAP) Dec. ’01 First closed loop lab. Aug.’02 First closed loop sky 18.04.03 First fringes 14.08.03 End project 2005 Delivery of systems on schedule All functionalities operational and tested in telescope environment Strehl Ratio Performance above spec. S~60% bright sources (seeing 0.8”); S~25% V~15.5 (seeing 0.6”) Residual tip-tilt 5-9 mas for bright sources Similar performance on all UT’s (homogeneous systems) Automatic acquisition through VLTI ISS templates Perf. Tested at Coude focus (not including delay lines)

MACAO-VLTI: Team