Introduction to the radiancy Technical Advisory Service and the colour 2008 Technical Advisory Service Introduction to radiancy and colour

Introduction to the radiancy and the colour The solar spectrum The light Light transmission and reflexion Energetic transmission and reflexion Protection of the glass against radiancy The colour Conclusion Introduction to radiancy and colour

The radiancy Solar radiancy Radiators Close IR Radio waves Long IR Visible Long IR

The radiancy Type of radiancy Wavelength Gamma rays from 0 to 0,01 nm X rays from 0,01 nm to 10 nm Ultraviolet (UV)       -   UV C       -   UV B       -   UV A from 10 nm to 380 nm from 2 nm to 280 m from 280 nm to 315 nm from 315 nm to 380 nm Light from 380 nm to 780 nm Infrared (IR)      - close IR A IR B     - long IR C from 780 nm to 106 nm from 780 nm to 1400 nm from 1400 nm to 2500 nm from 2500 nm to 106 nm Radio waves from106 nm to several km Solar spectrum

The radiancy Radiography Type of radiancy Application - Effect Gamma rays X rays Radiography Ultraviolet (UV) Energy Tanning Cancer of the skin Blanching of objects Light Infrared (IR)      - close IR A IR B     - long IR C Energy of the solar radiancy Energy emitted by objects (radiators) Radio waves Radios

Introduction to the radiancy and the colour The solar spectrum The light Light transmission and reflexion Energetic transmission and reflexion Protection of the glass against radiancy The colour Conclusion Introduction to radiancy and colour

UV Light Short infra red The solar spectrum Intensity (W/m²) Energy 1.5 UV Light Short infra red 1.0 0.5 280 380 780 2500 Wavelength (nm) Introduction to radiancy and colour

The solar spectrum UV : 280 to 380 nm  5% energy Light : 380 to 780 nm  50% energy Short I.R. : 78O to 2500 nm  45% energy Introduction to radiancy and colour

The solar spectrum Solar constant : 1353 W/m² direct reflective absorbed dispersed direct

Introduction to the radiancy and the colour The solar spectrum The light Light transmission and reflexion Energetic transmission and reflexion Protection of the glass against radiancy The colour Conclusion Introduction to radiancy and colour

The solar spectrum Intensity (W/m²) Wavelength (nm) 1.5 1.0 0.5 Light Intensity (W/m²) 1.0 0.5 280 380 780 2500 Wavelength (nm) Introduction to radiancy and colour

The ligth

The ligth l(nm) 380 400 500 600 700 800 Violet 380 to 462 nm Blue Green 500 to 577 nm Yellow 577 to 600 nm Orange 600 to 625 nm Red 625 to 780 nm

Introduction to the radiancy and the colour The solar spectrum The light Light transmission and reflexion Energetic transmission and reflexion Protection of the glass against radiancy The colour Conclusion Introduction to radiancy and colour

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) tv = LT = transmitted light incident light Light LT tv LR rv Introduction to radiancy and colour

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) the light transmission depends on : the transmission’s curve of the product the reference illuminant the eye sensibilty

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) Transmission curve of the product Single glazing 6 mm 90 80 CLAIR 70 BRONZE 60 GRIS Transmission (%) 50 AZUR VERT 40 30 PRIVA BLUE 20 10 280 380 780 1000 2000 2480 Longueur d’onde (nm)

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) Reference illuminant

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) Reference lighting up : A: filament light bulb (automotive) C65: natural light D65: natural light (EN 410)

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) Eye sensitivity

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) With t(l) = transmission curve of the product S(l) = eye sensitivity E(l) = reference illuminant

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) Light reflexion With r(l) = transmission curve of the product S(l) = eye sensitivity E(l) = reference lighting up

Light transmission and reflexion (380–780 nm) Index of reproduction of colours RD65 This index gives a quantitative evaluation of the difference in color between 8 samples of color-test lit directly by illuminating D65, and the light coming from same illuminating, transmitted by the glazing

Introduction to the radiancy and the colour The solar spectrum The light Light transmission and reflexion Energetic transmission and reflexion Protection of the glass against radiancy The colour Conclusion Introduction to radiancy and colour

}SF qe qi SF = g = transmitted heat incident heat Energetic transmission and reflexion (300–2500 nm) SF = g = transmitted heat incident heat Heat AEae DET te }SF ER re qi qe Introduction to radiancy and colour

Energetic equation : DET + EA + ER = 100 % Energetic transmission and reflexion (300–2500 nm) re = ER = energetic reflexion te = DET = direct energetic transmission ae = EA = energetic absorption SF = g = solar factor = total energetic transmission Energetic equation : DET + EA + ER = 100 % Introduction to radiancy and colour

Energetic transmission and reflexion (300–2500 nm) Clear glazing 100 50 280 380 780 1000 2000 2500 Stopray Safir Transmission (%) Wavelength (nm)

Energetic transmission and reflexion (300–2500 nm) Direct energetic transmission With t(l) = transmission curve of the product E(l) = solar spectrum of reference

Energetic transmission and reflexion (300–2500 nm) Solar factor (monolithic glazing) For clear glazing, we have hi = 8 W/(m²K) and he = 23 W/(m²K)

Energetic transmission and reflexion (300–2500 nm) he = coefficient of surface heat exchange between the wall and the external environment absorption hi = coefficient of surface heat exchange between the wall and the interior environment

Transmission et réflexion énergétique (300–2500 nm)

Energetic transmission and reflexion (300–2500 nm) Remarks : indexes of the USA standards SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) = SFS SC (shading coefficient) = sS/87 SC sw = DET/87 SC lw = SC – SC sw Relative Heat Gain: RHG (W/m²) = 630 SC + 7,8 U

Introduction to the radiancy and the colour The solar spectrum The light Light transmission and reflexion Energetic transmission and reflexion Protection of the glass against radiancy The colour Conclusion Introduction to radiancy and colour

Protection of the glass against radiancy Protection against X rays Glass with high lead content

Protection of the glass against radiancy Protection against the UV Laminated glass TrUV, SPF, Krochman KDF The less the UV transmission, the less UV penetrate int he building Caution: no UV transmission is not synonymous with absence of discolouration (blanching)

Protection of the glass against radiancy Protection against the light and lighting of the buildings Coloured glazings, coated glass TL The highest the LT, the more light comes into the building. The lighting level of the buildings depends on the LT  See training «Glass and solar control»

Protection of the glass against radiancy Protection against vision Opaque, mat, painted, printed glazings …

Protection of the glass against radiancy Protection against short IR and the heat Ccoloured glass, coated glass SF, (TrIR) The lowest the SF, the lowest heat comes into the building. The system of air conditioning of a building depends on the level of SF  See training «Glass and solar control»

Protection of the glass against radiancy Protection against long IR Low emissivity glass (Top N, Top NT, Stopray, Planibel G, Sunergy) Emissivity e, Ug The heating system depends on the level of insulation of the building  See training «Glass and thermal insulation»

Protection of the glass against radiancy Protection against radio waves Electrified coated glass

Protection of the glass against radiancy

Introduction to the radiancy and the colour The solar spectrum The light Light transmission and reflexion Energetic transmission and reflexion Protection of the glass against radiancy The colour Conclusion Introduction to radiancy and colour

The colour

The colour

The colour

The colour The colour of an object depends on : the illuminant which lights the object the object itself which modifies by transmission or reflexion the received light the eye of the observer and the transfer of the image towards the brain

The colour

The colour To quantify a colour, it is thus necessary to know : the spectrum of energy emitted by the source of light the spectrum of transmission or reflexion of the object the response of the human eye

The colour Guild & Wright experiment

The colour

The colour R, B, V graphic

The colour CIE 1931 colorimetric graphic

The colour Tristimuli X, Y, Z:

The colour

The colour Tristimuli X, Y, Z: Rem: Y = TL Inconvenience : Are not sufficient to differentiate all the colours.

The colour Trichromaticity coordinates x, y, z:

The colour Trichromaticity coordinates x, y, z: Only 2 independent coordinates So we use : x, y, Y = TL

The colour Diagram of trichromaticity CIE 1931: contains 2 axis x and y sources A, B, C, D, … according to the used illuminant graduated wavelengths on the border = dominant wavelength the pureness of the tint P = m/n

(0,2; 0,5) n m

The colour Diagram of trichromaticity CIE 1931: Example: A point of coordinates (x, y) = (0,2; 0,5) corresponds to : a green colour a l dominant wavelength = 512 nm a pureness of tint P = 4/10 = 0,4

The colour Diagram of trichromaticity CIE 1931: Inconveniences : The inferior side of the graphe corresponds to multichromatics colours  we specify a negative dominant wavelength This system is not proportional to what the eye can see.

The colour

The colour Hunter Lab System :

The colour CIE L*a*b* System:

The colour Système CIE L*a*b*:

The colour

The colour Difference of coulour between 2 products :

The colour

The colour

The colour CIE 1931 and CIE 1964 colorimetric graphic

The colour

The colour Summary : Different systems exist : X, Y, Z x, y, z Lab L*a*b* CIELCH (L*, C*, h); UCS (Y, u’, v’), …

The colour Summary : In order to characterize a colour at the best, we must specify 5 values : 3 coordinates of colour 1 illuminant 1 angle of observation Example: Lab, D65, 2°

Introduction to the radiancy and the colour The solar spectrum The light Light transmission and reflexion Energetic transmission and reflexion Protection of the glass against radiancy The colour Conclusion Introduction to radiancy and colour

Conclusion

Conclusions

Stopray Neutral 50/40 (LR = 15)

Conclusion The perception (colour, level of transmission and reflexion, …) that we have from an object, depends on : the object the illuminant the level on luminosity its environment (contrast) A same objet (thus a same glazing) will have a different aspect depending on its location, the time of the day, the surrounding objects, …