M-MODE ECHOCARDIOGRPHY THE LOSS ART

M-MODE PHYSICS B mode echoes from an interface that changes position will be seen as echoes moving towards and away from the transducer. If a trace line is place on this interface and the resulting trace is made to drift across the face of a CRT screen a motion pattern is obtained.

M-MODE PHYSICS The resulting display shows motion of a reflector over distance and time – a distance time graph The change in distance (dy) over a period of time dt is represented by the slope of the reflector line of motion. dy/dt = slope = velocity

M-MODE PHYSICS If this motion pattern is obtained on moving cardiac structures then the resulting images constitute M-mode echocardiography. M-mode echocardiography is use to evaluate the morphology of structures, movement and velocity of cardiac valves and walls and timing of cardiac events.

M-mode Tracing Distance Time

M-mode Evaluation Amplitude Velocity Time intervals Morphology

Amplitude Measurement Distance Y2 Amplitude = Y2 –Y1 Y1 Time

Time Measurement Distance Time interval = T2 – T1 T1 T2 Time

Slope Measurement Slope = dy/dt = velocity dy = Y2 –Y1 dt = T2 – T1 Y2

M-mode at the Mitral Valve The mitral valve has 2 leaflets – anterior and posterior. Specific letters corresponding to systole and diastole are assigned to the m-mode tracing of the mitral valve.

EKG Tracing QRS complex T-wave P wave Systole Diastole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at the Mitral Valve Phase of Cardiac Cycle Assigned Letters Diastole d,e,f, and a Systole c and d

M-mode at Mitral Valve d e a d Distance f c Systole Diastole Time

M-mode at Mitral Valve d-e amplitude Diastole Distance Systole Time e

M-mode at Mitral Valve Septum EPSS Distance e Systole Diastole Time

M-mode at Mitral Valve e d-e slope Distance Diastole Systole d Time

M-mode at Mitral Valve e e-f slope Distance f Systole Diastole Time

M-mode at Mitral Valve

M-mode at the Mitral Valve Amplitude Description Normal Value EPSS Measure e point to septal separation < 5 mm d-e Measures the maximum excusion of the mitral valve following diastolic opening. 17 to 30 mm

M-mode at the Mitral Valve Slope Description Normal Value d-e Measure rate of initial opening of the mitral valve in early diastole. 240 to 380 mm/s e-f Measures the rate of early closure of the mitral valve following diastolic opening. 50 to 180 mm/s

M-mode Findings at the MV B- bump on the AC shoulder Premature Closure of the MV Systolic anterior motion of the AMVL Mitral Valve Prolapse Mitral Regurgitation

M-mode Findings at the MV Flail PMVL Fluttering of the AMVL Mitral Stenosis LA myxoma Vegetations

M-mode at Mitral Valve B-bump on the AC shoulder. Systole Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Premature Closure Premature Closure- closure on or before the onset of the QRS complex. Distance Time Diastole Systole

Systolic anterior motion M-mode at Mitral Valve Systolic anterior motion of the AMVL Distance Time Diastole Systole

Systolic anterior motion M-mode at Mitral Valve Systolic anterior motion of the AMVL Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve MV prolapse posterior leaflet Systole Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve MV Prolapse – both leaflet Systole Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Flail posterior leaflet Systole Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Aortic Regurgitation Systole Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Mitral Stenosis Sinus Rhythm Systole Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Mitral Stenosis Atrial Fibrillation Systole Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Atrial Myxoma Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Vegetation Distance Time Diastole Systole

Mitral Regurgitation Distance Time Diastole Systole

Mitral Regurgitation Distance Time Diastole Systole

Mitral Regurgitation Atrial Myxoma Distance Time Diastole Systole

Mitral Regurgitation Atrial Myxoma Distance Time Diastole Systole

M-mode at Mitral Valve Atrial Myxoma Distance Time Diastole Systole

Color M-mode

Color M-mode Propagation Velocity, Vp

M- Mode Aortic Valve

M-mode at the Aortic Valve The aortic valve has 3 cusps – right coronary, left coronary and non-coronary cusps. The cusps imaged in the PLAX view are the right coronary and the non-coronary cusps.

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Non-coronary cusp Anterior aortic root Coronary cusp Posterior aortic root Left Atrium

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Cusp Separation Aortic root LA dimension

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Aortic root Measurements are made from leading edge to leading edge. Cusp Separation LA dimension

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Dilated LA Dilated aortic root Decreased excursion Premature opening Premature closing Exaggerated anterior motion of Aortic Root

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Reduced anterior motion of Aortic Root Thickening Calcification Vegetations Bicuspid valve Prosthetic valve Aortic Regurgitation

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Premature Opening Opening of the AV before the onset of the QRS complex Seen in Elevated LV-EDP

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Premature Closure Closure of the AV before the onset of the T wave Seen in IHSS

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Bicuspid Valve Eccentric closure line Seen when there is a Bicuspid aortic valve

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Decreased Cusp Separation Seen in Aortic Stenosis

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Thickened, calcified aortic valve leaflet. Seen in aortic sclerosis

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Seen in Mitral Stenosis Reduced anterior motion of aortic root

M-mode at the Aortic Valve Seen in Mitral Regurgitation Exaggerated anterior motion of aortic root

Aortic Regurgitation

Aortic Regurgitation

Aortic Regurgitation

M - Mode Left Ventricle

M-mode at Left Ventricle

M-mode at Left Ventricle Thickening of the IVS and LVPW Movement of the IVS and LVPW

M-mode Measurement RVWd RVIDd

M-mode Measurement IVSd IVS excursion IVSs

M-mode Measurement LVIDd LVIDd index LVIDs LVIDs index

M-mode Measurement LVPWd LVPW excursion LVPW max excursion velocity LVPWs

M-mode at Left Ventricle RVWT

M-mode at Left Ventricle RVIDd

M-mode at Left Ventricle IVSd

M-mode at Left Ventricle LVIDd

M-mode at Left Ventricle LVPWd

M-mode at Left Ventricle IVS excursion

M-mode at Left Ventricle IVSs

M-mode at Left Ventricle LVIDs

M-mode at Left Ventricle LVPWs

M-mode at Left Ventricle LVPW excursion

M-mode at Left Ventricle LVPW max velocity = slope

M-mode at Left Ventricle

M-mode LV Calculation FS EF LV mass RWT

M-mode LV Calculation % IVS thickening % LVPW thickening IVS/LVPW ratio

M-mode LV Calculation FS = LVIDd – LVIDs LVIDd

M-mode LV Calculation EF = LVIDd3 – LVIDs3 LVIDd3

M-mode LV Calculation RWT = IVSd + LVPWd LVIDd  

M-mode LV Calculation IVS % thickening = (IVSs – IVSd) x 100 IVSd  

M-mode LV Calculation LVPW % thickening = (LVPWs – LVPWd) x 100 LVPWd  

M-mode LV Calculation LV Mass = 1.04 {(LVIDd + IVSd + LVPWd)3 – (LVIDd)3} x 0.8 + 0.6g

Increase LVW thickness

Increase LVW thickness Increased Wall Thickness Symmetrical Asymmetrical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Concentric Hypertrophy Concentric Remodeling Infiltrative Diseases

Increase Wall thickness Increase Wall thickness LV Hypertrophy - Hypertension Pressure Overload Concentric LVH Increase Wall thickness Increased Mass Remodeling Increase Wall thickness Normal Mss

Increase Wall thickness Concentric Remodeling Concentric Hypertrophy LV Hypertrophy - Hypertension Increase Wall thickness Measure LV Mass Normal LV Mass Increased LV Mass Concentric Remodeling Concentric Hypertrophy

Increase Wall thickness Concentric Hypertrophy LV Hypertrophy – Aortic Stenosis Pressure Overload LVH Increase Wall thickness Increased LV Mass Concentric Hypertrophy

Eccentric LV Hypertrophy Increased LV size with Spherical shape Measure LV Mass Normal LV Mass Increased LV Mass No LV hypertrophy Eccentric Hypertrophy

Measurement Assessment Concentric Hypertrophy Eccentric Hypertrophy LV Hypertrophy Measurement Assessment Concentric Hypertrophy Concentric Remodeling Eccentric Hypertrophy Wall Thickness Increased Normal Relative Wall Thickness Normal - Decreased LV Chamber size LV Chamber shape Elliptical Spherical LV mass

Paradoxical Septal Motion

Paradoxical Septal Motion RV hypertrophy RV dilatation LBBB Post Cardiac Surgery

Ischemia

Ischemia Normal Wall thickness No systolic thickening Reduced Motion

Post Infarct

Post Infarct Thin echogenic wall No systolic thickening Reduced Motion

Pericardial Effusion

Pericardial Effusion Infection Postviral pericarditis Bacterial Tuberculosis

Pericardial Effusion Malignant Metastatic disease – lymphoma & melanoma Direct extension – lung and breast Primary cardiac malignancy

Pericardial Effusion Inflammatory Post MI (Dressler’s Syndrome) Uremia Collagen vascular disease Post cardiac surgery

Intracardiac-Pericardial communication Pericardial Effusion Intracardiac-Pericardial communication Blunt or penetrating chest trauma Post catheter procedures LV rupture (post MI)

Pericardial Thickening

Pericardial Thickening Constrictive pericarditis Occurs following Surgery Radiation therapy Repeated episodes of pericarditis