QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIES BASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAG AND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret Mineralogy and Petrography.

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Presentation transcript:

QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIES BASED ON THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAG AND OTHER MATERIAL REMAINS Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret Mineralogy and Petrography Departement of Geoscience University of Fribourg Switzerland

The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Production line : Sequence of technical steps from the raw material to the finished object.

The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Natural ore Extracted ore Extraction Refuse

The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Natural ore Extracted ore Extraction Refuse Concentrated ore Processing Refuse

The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Natural ore Extracted ore Extraction Refuse Concentrated ore Processing Refuse Raw iron Reduction Slag Direct method of reduction : Bloomery process Solid state FeO + CO  Fe + CO 2

The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Natural ore Extracted ore Extraction Refuse Concentrated ore Processing Refuse Raw iron Reduction Slag Direct method of reduction : Bloomery process Solid state FeO + CO  Fe + CO 2

The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Natural ore Extracted ore Extraction Refuse Concentrated ore Processing Refuse Raw iron Reduction Slag Finished object Smithing Slag Plastic deformation (hammering / heating) Welding Heat treatment (annealing / quenching) Control of oxydation / carburization

Smithing V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Smithing depends on : Quality of the metal Physical characteristics : Compact / homogenous bar iron Uncompacted / heterogeneous bloom iron Small pieces scrap Chemistry : % carbon % other elements : P, S, N, Mn, Ni, 0...

Smithing V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Smithing depends on : Quality of the metal Type of object to produce Kind of object : Simplenail Complexcomposite blade iron + steel Size of object : Smallnail 10 g knife 100 g axe 1000 g Largeanchor g Sharpening, polishing, decoration

Smithing V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Smithing depends on : Quality of the metal Type of object to produce Know-how of the smith Qualification : Heat treatments - annealing - quenching Welding etc...

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Contribution to slag formation : Hot oxidation  FeO Related to time / temperature Related to the size of the section Formation of a slag rich in iron oxides :

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Contribution to slag formation : Hot oxidation  FeO Formation of a slag rich in iron oxides : Related to time / temperature Related to the size of the section

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Contribution to slag formation : Hot oxidation  FeO Poorly consolidated metal  Fe Formation of a slag with iron particles :

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Formation of a slag rich in silica :Contribution to slag formation : Hot oxidation  FeO Poorly consolidated metal  Fe Use of flux  SiO 2

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Other elements participate with various chemical elements : Contribution to slag formation : Hot oxidation  FeO Poorly consolidated metal  Fe Use of flux  SiO 2 Other effects  K 2 O, CaO, SiO 2, Al 2 O 3...

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags Characteristic morphology Most typical smithing residue

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags Characteristic morphology Most typical smithing residue 1 cooling structure  Formed between lighthing and extinguishing of the fire 1 unit of work  1 day ?

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Variability of PCB slags : Dimensions and weight As a general rule : The weight is proportional to the quantity of work

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Variability of PCB slags : Dimensions and weight Shape

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Variability of PCB slags : Dimensions and weight Shape

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg Variability of PCB slags : Dimensions and weight Shape Composition

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg

Smithing slags V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg PCB : Plano-convex bottom slags Weight of PCB =quantity of work Composition of PCB =Type of work Assembly of PCBs  activity of a workshop

Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg

Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland V. Serneels, S. Perret Mineralogy and Petrography - University of Fribourg

Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret Mineralogy and Petrography Departement of Geoscience University of Fribourg Switzerland