ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION & TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME RELATIONS Oğuzhan Ömer Demir, Ph.D. INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Outline Migration types and illegal immigration Illegal immigration and countries Illegal immigration & organized crime nexus Migrant smuggling Human trafficking INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Migration Types Geography; Reason; Duration; Size; Statute; International-Domestic Reason; Forced-Voluntary Duration; Short-term-Long-term Size; Individual-Family-Mass Statute; Legal-Illegal INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Illegal Immigration Migrating to another country without having legal documentation and permissions Illegal entry, exit, or stay Illegal work without any social security Why? INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

World’s Population Trends (2000-2030) -4.7% -5% -3.2% 20.1% 33.9% 82.5% %38.7 25.9% 18% Developing Countries Population Increase rate 33% (From 6 billion to 8 billion) Developed Countries Potential Migration Routes

Migration Trends 22 million people “on the move” any time 2.5 million illegal immigrants live in EU 12 million illegal immigrants lives in USA 1.5 million Syrian asylum-seekers are existed 2.5 million Afghan asylum-seekers live in Pakistan; 2.4 million in İran INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Migration Trends INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Migration Routes INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Advantages of Migration For target countries; Need for Cheap Labor and Young Population Brain Drain Need for International Support For source countries; Money Transfers; 450 Billion Dollar remittances Returns; Knowledge, Vision, Skills, Contacts-Networks Diaspora; Political Support INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Disadvantages of Illegal Migration Movements For transit and target countries; Living population of undocumented & temporary illegal migrants Political pressure from the West Deportation procedures and damage on state budget Existence of organize crime networks INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Nexus between Illegal Migration & Organized Crime Illegal Immigration Migrant Smuggling Human Trafficking INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Human Trafficking “Modern Day Slavery” The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, For the purpose of “exploitation”. Exploitation includes, sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Human Trafficking Girls-women are “illegally” transported to other countries by deceit; Boys-girls-women are forced to “move” from one place to another Transported people are forced to “work” in illegal status INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Human Trafficking INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Migrant Smuggling “Human Cargo” The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a country of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Migrant Smuggling Migrants are transported via sea or land vehicles Smugglers provide “forged or falsified travel documents” Smugglers provide “accommodation” facilities within a country INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Migrant Smuggling INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Migrant Smuggling INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Differences & Similarities MIGRANT SMUGGLING Force Human Rights Abuses Illegal Entry-Stay Exploitation Illegal Work Human Trafficking International Transportation

Conclusion INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Illegal Immigration & Organized Crime Illegal Immigrants are regarded as “non-criminals” Illegal Immigrants may turn to be “victims” of trafficking Illegal Immigration movements usually ends in loss, damage and disappointment Illegal immigrants are usually captured and/or deported Smuggers/traffickers are “criminals” Smugglers/traffickers, though, make huge profits INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012

Oğuzhan Ömer Demir, Ph.D. oodemir@egm.gov.tr INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012