Double discrimination towards Roma/Sinti women in Italy: juridical and social perspective Prof. Antonietta Piacquadio International Institute for High Legal and Economic Studies for Development (IGES), Gorizia, Italy REDUPRE CONCLUDING WORKSHOP May 2013 Maribor, Slovenia

Relationship between ethnicity and gender is particularly complex for Roma women both, within their communities and in relations with the outside world. Confronted outside of their own communities with an extremely hostile environment, Roma and Sinti women come to accept the role that is assigned to them by the traditional culture, perceived as threatened. The discrimination to which they are subject, therefore, assumes a valence even more accentuated and multifactorial, resulting from the simultaneous presence of elements linked to ethnic affiliation and gender discrimination.

The magnitude of these phenomena of discrimination against Roma women can be analyzed in various areas, including the access to education, the access to the labor market, and the access to health services

the access to education, the access to the labor market, Access to the labor market, in turn, is affected by the very low level of education of women, from the frequent pregnancies and the machismo of many communities which means that families do not allow women to take jobs as alternatives to those they carry out inside the community the low level of education of Roma women is not only related to a form of discrimination outside the community, as in particular, the rules and traditions of many communities that require girls to leave school early - no later than age 12 - to assume the traditional roles within the community, early marriage, caring for relatives and the access to health services Concerning access to health services the analysis conducted during the project REDUPRE, highlighted the spread of prejudice among health care or paramedical: strong prejudices still persist among healthcare professionals from the customs, traditions and model of the fertility of Roma women.

DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IS MORE ACCENTUATED SEEMS TO LIE PRECISELY WITHIN ROMA COMMUNITIES Roma/Sinti girls assume roles reserved for adult women at the age of 11 years: at this age in many communities is expected to marry and have several children Having no legal force, these marriages leave completely devoid of rights and support the girls in case of separation, this is especially dramatic if there are children a strongly patriarchal structure, in many cases, leads to the subordination of women and the social acceptance of domestic violence as a natural part of the family dynamic

In Italy, there is a strong dependency of Roma immigrants women from the residence permit of their own husband. The tightening of the eligibility requirements for residency and work permits has affected especially the non-EU immigrant women Even the law relating to eligibility for social benefits is linked permanent residence and citizenship. The stay in Italy, in fact, depends on obtaining a work permit and temporary stay is renewed only if the person is in possession of an employment contract.